MONO91 Indexes Compiled by Machine chapter Mary Elizabeth Stevens National Bureau of Standards type 0£ bibliographic search tool that would be almost impossible to compile without the use of machines. 1/In at least one case, moreover, the availability of mechanical devices was itself the inspiration for the idea of a citation index to the scientific litera- ture. Garfield states in a 1954 paper that he was led to the idea of "Shepardizing" from an earlier concern with the development of citation codes or "coden" 2/ that would facilitate machine processing of bibliographic and index entries.3/ The value of Shepard's Citations in tracking down precedents and decisions has been recognized in the legal field for many years. 41The desirability of a similar tool for literature searchers in the fields of scientific and technical information was suggested about a decade and a half ago, when Seidell and others proposed its use for patent searching (Seidell, 1949 [541]; Hart, 1949 [255]). In 1954, the Bush Committee in its considerations of the potential applicability of machines to Patent Office problems received a proposal from the Atlantic Research Corporation of Alexandria, Virginia, which was to cover "the development of a Patent Citation Index, comparable to Shepard's Citations'1. 5/In the period 1954-1956, both Garfield [OCRerr]6/and Fano [OCRerr]1independently advocated the development of a citation indexing tool for scientific and technical literature. As 1/ See, for example, Atherton, 1962 Ezs], p.4: "The volume of data to be processed is so massive that processing machines are a necessity'1; Garfield 1954 [210], p.4: "Where such large volume of data is to be handled it must be expected that mechanical devices of high speed and versatility... would probably be a determining factor in the system's success.'1 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/ 7/ That is, brief codes, often mnemonic, for journal title abbreviations and other clues to publisher and date of publication. Garfield, 1954[210], p. 2. How to Use Shepard's Citations [281] has been published periodically by Shepard's Citations, Inc., Colorado Springs, since 1873. U.S. Dept. of Commerce "Report to the Secretary of Commerce...," 1954 [620], p. 27. Garfield [210, 211, 212]. Adair, writing in January, 1955, specifically acknow- ledges a suggestion of Garfield's (for 1955 [2], p.32) but Garfield in turn credits Adair,(1963 [214], p. 290) Fano, 1956 [191], p.3: "Let us accept, at least for the sake of this argument, the conclusion that linguistic associations between documents cannot lead to a satis- factory definition of a bibliography. Then the only other type of association for which evidence is available is that provided by simultaneous reterences in the literature, by the concomitant use of documents by experts as evidenced by library records3 and by other similar joint events." 28