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FT941-10709
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940
208
FT 08 FEB 94 / UK Company News: Glaxo asthma drug wi
ns US approval
By DANIEL GREEN
Glax
o has belatedly won US approval for one of its most important products
of th
e 1990s, the inhaled asthma treatment Serevent.
The US Food and Drug Adminis
tration had been expected to approve the drug in
December and Glaxo shares f
ell when this did not happen.
After Serevent's approval yesterday, the share
s rose 15p to end the day with
a net fall of 2p at 664p.
The drug is importa
nt to Glaxo because it is a successor to Ventolin, the
long standing big sel
ler in asthma treatment. Such respiratory treatments
are second in importanc
e only to ulcer drugs in Glaxo's therapeutic
portfolio, accounting for almos
t one quarter of total sales.
The older drug has now lost much of its patent
protection and the company is
relying on Serevent to underpin its position
in the market.
The drug was approved in Europe in 1991 and should eventually
reach sales of
Pounds 350m a year, according to James Capel, the broker. In
the last full
year, Serevent sold Pounds 73m while Ventolin sales were wort
h Pounds 484m.
The drug had a setback last month, however, when Italian gove
rnment
healthcare reforms favoured Ventolin by excluding Serevent from a lis
t of
drugs the government would pay for. Glaxo lodged an appeal against the
ruling.
Companies:-
Glaxo Holdings.
Countr
ies:-
USZ United States of America.
Industries:-
P2834 Pharmaceutical Preparations.
Types:-
TECH P
roducts & Product use.
The Financial Times
London P
age 24
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940
208
FT 08 FEB 94 / UK Company News: Glaxo asthma drug wi
ns US approval
By DANIEL GREEN
Glax
o has belatedly won US approval for one of its most important products
of th
e 1990s, the inhaled asthma treatment Serevent.
The US Food and Drug Adminis
tration had been expected to approve the drug in
December and Glaxo shares f
ell when this did not happen.
After Serevent's approval yesterday, the share
s rose 15p to end the day with
a net fall of 2p at 664p.
The drug is importa
nt to Glaxo because it is a successor to Ventolin, the
long standing big sel
ler in asthma treatment. Such respiratory treatments
are second in importanc
e only to ulcer drugs in Glaxo's therapeutic
portfolio, accounting for almos
t one quarter of total sales.
The older drug has now lost much of its patent
protection and the company is
relying on Serevent to underpin its position
in the market.
The drug was approved in Europe in 1991 and should eventually
reach sales of
Pounds 350m a year, according to James Capel, the broker. In
the last full
year, Serevent sold Pounds 73m while Ventolin sales were wort
h Pounds 484m.
The drug had a setback last month, however, when Italian gove
rnment
healthcare reforms favoured Ventolin by excluding Serevent from a lis
t of
drugs the government would pay for. Glaxo lodged an appeal against the
ruling.
Companies:-
Glaxo Holdings.
Countr
ies:-
USZ United States of America.
Industries:-
P2834 Pharmaceutical Preparations.
Types:-
TECH P
roducts & Product use.
The Financial Times
London P
age 24
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============= Transaction # 10 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 11 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 13 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 14 ==============================================
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FT941-10709
_AN-EBHC6AE5FT
940
208
FT 08 FEB 94 / UK Company News: Glaxo asthma drug wi
ns US approval
By DANIEL GREEN
Glax
o has belatedly won US approval for one of its most important products
of th
e 1990s, the inhaled asthma treatment Serevent.
The US Food and Drug Adminis
tration had been expected to approve the drug in
December and Glaxo shares f
ell when this did not happen.
After Serevent's approval yesterday, the share
s rose 15p to end the day with
a net fall of 2p at 664p.
The drug is importa
nt to Glaxo because it is a successor to Ventolin, the
long standing big sel
ler in asthma treatment. Such respiratory treatments
are second in importanc
e only to ulcer drugs in Glaxo's therapeutic
portfolio, accounting for almos
t one quarter of total sales.
The older drug has now lost much of its patent
protection and the company is
relying on Serevent to underpin its position
in the market.
The drug was approved in Europe in 1991 and should eventually
reach sales of
Pounds 350m a year, according to James Capel, the broker. In
the last full
year, Serevent sold Pounds 73m while Ventolin sales were wort
h Pounds 484m.
The drug had a setback last month, however, when Italian gove
rnment
healthcare reforms favoured Ventolin by excluding Serevent from a lis
t of
drugs the government would pay for. Glaxo lodged an appeal against the
ruling.
Companies:-
Glaxo Holdings.
Countr
ies:-
USZ United States of America.
Industries:-
P2834 Pharmaceutical Preparations.
Types:-
TECH P
roducts & Product use.
The Financial Times
London P
age 24
============= Transaction # 15 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 16 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 20 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 22 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 23 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 24 ==============================================
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FT934-7389
_AN-DKSDHAHKFT
9311
19
FT 19 NOV 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Newmont f
inds glittering prize in Peru - A gold project that is attracting the intere
st of other foreign miners
By SALLY BOWEN
A GROUP of big-name international mining concerns is hard on the heel
s of
Denver-based Newmont Mining's hugely successful new gold venture in the
north-central Peruvian Andes. RTZ, Placer Dome, American Barrack and Genmin
are among the overseas companies reported to be eager to snap up similar
ba
rgains among still-available concessions.
Minera Yanacocha poured its first
gold on August 7 and is on target to repay
the Dollars 36.6m capital investm
ent in a staggeringly short seven months.
Yanacocha is a joint venture betwe
en Newmont, the Peruvian mining group
Buenaventura and Mine Or of France, a
subsidiary of BRGM. The World Bank's
International Finance Corporation came
in at a late stage to take up 5 per
cent of the shareholding.
'Nowhere in th
e world have we seen ore like this,' says Mr Len Harris,
Newmont's general m
anager in Peru. 'And nowhere else have we received more
co-operation from a
government.'
The disseminated low-grade deposit, some 45km from the Andean t
own of
Cajamarca, has been documented for well over a century. The original
claim
was staked by Cedimin, a company formed by BRGM and Buenaventura. Newm
ont
entered into an exploration agreement with Cedimin in 1984 and has direc
ted
operations ever since.
What has finally made exploitation of the Yanacoc
ha deposit feasible is the
development of leaching techniques during the pas
t decade. Newmont, now the
largest gold producer in the US, pioneered the pr
ocess. Yanacocha is one of
Peru's earliest experiences of the technique, alr
eady widely used in
neighbouring Chile.
The ore at Yanacocha is exceptionall
y porous. After a little blasting it can
be scooped up by loaders and trucke
d straight to the leach-pads. There it is
simply flattened by bulldozers pri
or to leaching. No crushing is required,
which reduces costs considerably.
'
It was always obvious that, technically, this was a marvellous deposit,'
say
s Mr Harris. 'Security has been Newmont's prime concern, but it's just
anoth
er risk in a risky business - and you resolve it by getting good people
to p
rotect you.'
Now, in and around the site, a contract company provides probab
ly the
tightest security ever seen in Peruvian mining. The ratio of guards t
o
workers is almost one to one.
Transport and air-freight of the end-product
- dore bullion ingots
containing 60 per cent gold and 40 per cent silver -
is handled by Johnson
Matthey, the UK-based refiner, which is purchasing all
Yanacocha's present
output.
Newmont officials say output from the three min
es in the Carachugo deposit,
where work is at present concentrated, should t
op 250,000 troy ounces next
year. That would almost double Peru's official g
old output level, according
to Mr Daniel Hokama, the mines minister.
For 199
5, prospects are even more glittering. Another deposit in the same
concessio
n area as Carachugo, known as Maqui Maqui, 'looks to be a bigger
and higher
grade orebody', says Mr Harris. Feasibility studies are now being
completed
by Kilborn of Canada and it is hoped that the Newmont board will
give the go
-ahead this month.
Carachugo's mineable reserves are reckoned to total 28.7m
tonnes, giving the
deposit a life of between five and six years. Average go
ld content is 1.38
grams a tonne - high for the leaching technique. Newmont
profitably leaches
gold with as little as 0.6 grams a tonne in its US mining
operations.
Maqui Maqui could bump up total output from the Yanacocha conce
ssion to well
in excess of 6m tonnes, say Newmont officials. And there are s
till more
promising anomalies within the 25,000-hectare concession site.
Loc
al groups have expressed fears of environmental damage from a possible
escap
e of the cyanide solution used to leach the ore. Newmont officials say,
howe
ver, that they are applying 'the same stringent precautions in Peru as
we wo
uld in the state of Nevada'.
All pipes carrying the cyanide solution from le
ach-pads to plant run through
plastic-coated channels; there are sophisticat
ed monitoring devices to
detect leaks; a large pond has been built to catch
overflow in case of
exceptionally heavy rainfall; and Dollars 250,000 has be
en spent on the
Canadian 'Inco' process to neutralise the cyanide solution t
o drinking water
standards if it ever became necessary to discharge the solu
tion.
'We're doing more here than the law calls for,' says Mr Harris. 'That'
s
right - it's also good business.'
Companies:-
Newmo
nt Mining Corp.
Countries:-
PEZ Peru, South America.
<
/CN>
Industries:-
P1041 Gold Ores.
Types:-
<
TP>RES Natural resources.
CMMT Comment & Analysis.
The Fina
ncial Times
London Page 38
============= Transaction # 28 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 29 ==============================================
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FT934-7389
_AN-DKSDHAHKFT
9311
19
FT 19 NOV 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Newmont f
inds glittering prize in Peru - A gold project that is attracting the intere
st of other foreign miners
By SALLY BOWEN
A GROUP of big-name international mining concerns is hard on the heel
s of
Denver-based Newmont Mining's hugely successful new gold venture in the
north-central Peruvian Andes. RTZ, Placer Dome, American Barrack and Genmin
are among the overseas companies reported to be eager to snap up similar
ba
rgains among still-available concessions.
Minera Yanacocha poured its first
gold on August 7 and is on target to repay
the Dollars 36.6m capital investm
ent in a staggeringly short seven months.
Yanacocha is a joint venture betwe
en Newmont, the Peruvian mining group
Buenaventura and Mine Or of France, a
subsidiary of BRGM. The World Bank's
International Finance Corporation came
in at a late stage to take up 5 per
cent of the shareholding.
'Nowhere in th
e world have we seen ore like this,' says Mr Len Harris,
Newmont's general m
anager in Peru. 'And nowhere else have we received more
co-operation from a
government.'
The disseminated low-grade deposit, some 45km from the Andean t
own of
Cajamarca, has been documented for well over a century. The original
claim
was staked by Cedimin, a company formed by BRGM and Buenaventura. Newm
ont
entered into an exploration agreement with Cedimin in 1984 and has direc
ted
operations ever since.
What has finally made exploitation of the Yanacoc
ha deposit feasible is the
development of leaching techniques during the pas
t decade. Newmont, now the
largest gold producer in the US, pioneered the pr
ocess. Yanacocha is one of
Peru's earliest experiences of the technique, alr
eady widely used in
neighbouring Chile.
The ore at Yanacocha is exceptionall
y porous. After a little blasting it can
be scooped up by loaders and trucke
d straight to the leach-pads. There it is
simply flattened by bulldozers pri
or to leaching. No crushing is required,
which reduces costs considerably.
'
It was always obvious that, technically, this was a marvellous deposit,'
say
s Mr Harris. 'Security has been Newmont's prime concern, but it's just
anoth
er risk in a risky business - and you resolve it by getting good people
to p
rotect you.'
Now, in and around the site, a contract company provides probab
ly the
tightest security ever seen in Peruvian mining. The ratio of guards t
o
workers is almost one to one.
Transport and air-freight of the end-product
- dore bullion ingots
containing 60 per cent gold and 40 per cent silver -
is handled by Johnson
Matthey, the UK-based refiner, which is purchasing all
Yanacocha's present
output.
Newmont officials say output from the three min
es in the Carachugo deposit,
where work is at present concentrated, should t
op 250,000 troy ounces next
year. That would almost double Peru's official g
old output level, according
to Mr Daniel Hokama, the mines minister.
For 199
5, prospects are even more glittering. Another deposit in the same
concessio
n area as Carachugo, known as Maqui Maqui, 'looks to be a bigger
and higher
grade orebody', says Mr Harris. Feasibility studies are now being
completed
by Kilborn of Canada and it is hoped that the Newmont board will
give the go
-ahead this month.
Carachugo's mineable reserves are reckoned to total 28.7m
tonnes, giving the
deposit a life of between five and six years. Average go
ld content is 1.38
grams a tonne - high for the leaching technique. Newmont
profitably leaches
gold with as little as 0.6 grams a tonne in its US mining
operations.
Maqui Maqui could bump up total output from the Yanacocha conce
ssion to well
in excess of 6m tonnes, say Newmont officials. And there are s
till more
promising anomalies within the 25,000-hectare concession site.
Loc
al groups have expressed fears of environmental damage from a possible
escap
e of the cyanide solution used to leach the ore. Newmont officials say,
howe
ver, that they are applying 'the same stringent precautions in Peru as
we wo
uld in the state of Nevada'.
All pipes carrying the cyanide solution from le
ach-pads to plant run through
plastic-coated channels; there are sophisticat
ed monitoring devices to
detect leaks; a large pond has been built to catch
overflow in case of
exceptionally heavy rainfall; and Dollars 250,000 has be
en spent on the
Canadian 'Inco' process to neutralise the cyanide solution t
o drinking water
standards if it ever became necessary to discharge the solu
tion.
'We're doing more here than the law calls for,' says Mr Harris. 'That'
s
right - it's also good business.'
Companies:-
Newmo
nt Mining Corp.
Countries:-
PEZ Peru, South America.
<
/CN>
Industries:-
P1041 Gold Ores.
Types:-
<
TP>RES Natural resources.
CMMT Comment & Analysis.
The Fina
ncial Times
London Page 38
============= Transaction # 30 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 34 ==============================================
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FT934-7389
_AN-DKSDHAHKFT
9311
19
FT 19 NOV 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Newmont f
inds glittering prize in Peru - A gold project that is attracting the intere
st of other foreign miners
By SALLY BOWEN
A GROUP of big-name international mining concerns is hard on the heel
s of
Denver-based Newmont Mining's hugely successful new gold venture in the
north-central Peruvian Andes. RTZ, Placer Dome, American Barrack and Genmin
are among the overseas companies reported to be eager to snap up similar
ba
rgains among still-available concessions.
Minera Yanacocha poured its first
gold on August 7 and is on target to repay
the Dollars 36.6m capital investm
ent in a staggeringly short seven months.
Yanacocha is a joint venture betwe
en Newmont, the Peruvian mining group
Buenaventura and Mine Or of France, a
subsidiary of BRGM. The World Bank's
International Finance Corporation came
in at a late stage to take up 5 per
cent of the shareholding.
'Nowhere in th
e world have we seen ore like this,' says Mr Len Harris,
Newmont's general m
anager in Peru. 'And nowhere else have we received more
co-operation from a
government.'
The disseminated low-grade deposit, some 45km from the Andean t
own of
Cajamarca, has been documented for well over a century. The original
claim
was staked by Cedimin, a company formed by BRGM and Buenaventura. Newm
ont
entered into an exploration agreement with Cedimin in 1984 and has direc
ted
operations ever since.
What has finally made exploitation of the Yanacoc
ha deposit feasible is the
development of leaching techniques during the pas
t decade. Newmont, now the
largest gold producer in the US, pioneered the pr
ocess. Yanacocha is one of
Peru's earliest experiences of the technique, alr
eady widely used in
neighbouring Chile.
The ore at Yanacocha is exceptionall
y porous. After a little blasting it can
be scooped up by loaders and trucke
d straight to the leach-pads. There it is
simply flattened by bulldozers pri
or to leaching. No crushing is required,
which reduces costs considerably.
'
It was always obvious that, technically, this was a marvellous deposit,'
say
s Mr Harris. 'Security has been Newmont's prime concern, but it's just
anoth
er risk in a risky business - and you resolve it by getting good people
to p
rotect you.'
Now, in and around the site, a contract company provides probab
ly the
tightest security ever seen in Peruvian mining. The ratio of guards t
o
workers is almost one to one.
Transport and air-freight of the end-product
- dore bullion ingots
containing 60 per cent gold and 40 per cent silver -
is handled by Johnson
Matthey, the UK-based refiner, which is purchasing all
Yanacocha's present
output.
Newmont officials say output from the three min
es in the Carachugo deposit,
where work is at present concentrated, should t
op 250,000 troy ounces next
year. That would almost double Peru's official g
old output level, according
to Mr Daniel Hokama, the mines minister.
For 199
5, prospects are even more glittering. Another deposit in the same
concessio
n area as Carachugo, known as Maqui Maqui, 'looks to be a bigger
and higher
grade orebody', says Mr Harris. Feasibility studies are now being
completed
by Kilborn of Canada and it is hoped that the Newmont board will
give the go
-ahead this month.
Carachugo's mineable reserves are reckoned to total 28.7m
tonnes, giving the
deposit a life of between five and six years. Average go
ld content is 1.38
grams a tonne - high for the leaching technique. Newmont
profitably leaches
gold with as little as 0.6 grams a tonne in its US mining
operations.
Maqui Maqui could bump up total output from the Yanacocha conce
ssion to well
in excess of 6m tonnes, say Newmont officials. And there are s
till more
promising anomalies within the 25,000-hectare concession site.
Loc
al groups have expressed fears of environmental damage from a possible
escap
e of the cyanide solution used to leach the ore. Newmont officials say,
howe
ver, that they are applying 'the same stringent precautions in Peru as
we wo
uld in the state of Nevada'.
All pipes carrying the cyanide solution from le
ach-pads to plant run through
plastic-coated channels; there are sophisticat
ed monitoring devices to
detect leaks; a large pond has been built to catch
overflow in case of
exceptionally heavy rainfall; and Dollars 250,000 has be
en spent on the
Canadian 'Inco' process to neutralise the cyanide solution t
o drinking water
standards if it ever became necessary to discharge the solu
tion.
'We're doing more here than the law calls for,' says Mr Harris. 'That'
s
right - it's also good business.'
Companies:-
Newmo
nt Mining Corp.
Countries:-
PEZ Peru, South America.
<
/CN>
Industries:-
P1041 Gold Ores.
Types:-
<
TP>RES Natural resources.
CMMT Comment & Analysis.
The Fina
ncial Times
London Page 38
============= Transaction # 35 ==============================================
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FT934-7389
_AN-DKSDHAHKFT
9311
19
FT 19 NOV 93 / Commodities and Agriculture: Newmont f
inds glittering prize in Peru - A gold project that is attracting the intere
st of other foreign miners
By SALLY BOWEN
A GROUP of big-name international mining concerns is hard on the heel
s of
Denver-based Newmont Mining's hugely successful new gold venture in the
north-central Peruvian Andes. RTZ, Placer Dome, American Barrack and Genmin
are among the overseas companies reported to be eager to snap up similar
ba
rgains among still-available concessions.
Minera Yanacocha poured its first
gold on August 7 and is on target to repay
the Dollars 36.6m capital investm
ent in a staggeringly short seven months.
Yanacocha is a joint venture betwe
en Newmont, the Peruvian mining group
Buenaventura and Mine Or of France, a
subsidiary of BRGM. The World Bank's
International Finance Corporation came
in at a late stage to take up 5 per
cent of the shareholding.
'Nowhere in th
e world have we seen ore like this,' says Mr Len Harris,
Newmont's general m
anager in Peru. 'And nowhere else have we received more
co-operation from a
government.'
The disseminated low-grade deposit, some 45km from the Andean t
own of
Cajamarca, has been documented for well over a century. The original
claim
was staked by Cedimin, a company formed by BRGM and Buenaventura. Newm
ont
entered into an exploration agreement with Cedimin in 1984 and has direc
ted
operations ever since.
What has finally made exploitation of the Yanacoc
ha deposit feasible is the
development of leaching techniques during the pas
t decade. Newmont, now the
largest gold producer in the US, pioneered the pr
ocess. Yanacocha is one of
Peru's earliest experiences of the technique, alr
eady widely used in
neighbouring Chile.
The ore at Yanacocha is exceptionall
y porous. After a little blasting it can
be scooped up by loaders and trucke
d straight to the leach-pads. There it is
simply flattened by bulldozers pri
or to leaching. No crushing is required,
which reduces costs considerably.
'
It was always obvious that, technically, this was a marvellous deposit,'
say
s Mr Harris. 'Security has been Newmont's prime concern, but it's just
anoth
er risk in a risky business - and you resolve it by getting good people
to p
rotect you.'
Now, in and around the site, a contract company provides probab
ly the
tightest security ever seen in Peruvian mining. The ratio of guards t
o
workers is almost one to one.
Transport and air-freight of the end-product
- dore bullion ingots
containing 60 per cent gold and 40 per cent silver -
is handled by Johnson
Matthey, the UK-based refiner, which is purchasing all
Yanacocha's present
output.
Newmont officials say output from the three min
es in the Carachugo deposit,
where work is at present concentrated, should t
op 250,000 troy ounces next
year. That would almost double Peru's official g
old output level, according
to Mr Daniel Hokama, the mines minister.
For 199
5, prospects are even more glittering. Another deposit in the same
concessio
n area as Carachugo, known as Maqui Maqui, 'looks to be a bigger
and higher
grade orebody', says Mr Harris. Feasibility studies are now being
completed
by Kilborn of Canada and it is hoped that the Newmont board will
give the go
-ahead this month.
Carachugo's mineable reserves are reckoned to total 28.7m
tonnes, giving the
deposit a life of between five and six years. Average go
ld content is 1.38
grams a tonne - high for the leaching technique. Newmont
profitably leaches
gold with as little as 0.6 grams a tonne in its US mining
operations.
Maqui Maqui could bump up total output from the Yanacocha conce
ssion to well
in excess of 6m tonnes, say Newmont officials. And there are s
till more
promising anomalies within the 25,000-hectare concession site.
Loc
al groups have expressed fears of environmental damage from a possible
escap
e of the cyanide solution used to leach the ore. Newmont officials say,
howe
ver, that they are applying 'the same stringent precautions in Peru as
we wo
uld in the state of Nevada'.
All pipes carrying the cyanide solution from le
ach-pads to plant run through
plastic-coated channels; there are sophisticat
ed monitoring devices to
detect leaks; a large pond has been built to catch
overflow in case of
exceptionally heavy rainfall; and Dollars 250,000 has be
en spent on the
Canadian 'Inco' process to neutralise the cyanide solution t
o drinking water
standards if it ever became necessary to discharge the solu
tion.
'We're doing more here than the law calls for,' says Mr Harris. 'That'
s
right - it's also good business.'
Companies:-
Newmo
nt Mining Corp.
Countries:-
PEZ Peru, South America.
<
/CN>
Industries:-
P1041 Gold Ores.
Types:-
<
TP>RES Natural resources.
CMMT Comment & Analysis.
The Fina
ncial Times
London Page 38
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_AN-DFBBWACKFT
9306
02
FT 02 JUN 93 / Business and the Environment: All for
the birds - Mining groups are anxious to protect wildlife
By KENNETH GOODING
Birds in Nevada now have new homes
courtesy of Coeur d'Alene Mines. The
company is attaching lightweight nesti
ng boxes to its claim posts - the
posts used to mark boundaries when mining
companies stake their claims.
The idea was developed by Rob Berry, senior la
ndsman with Coeur d'Alene's
exploration subsidiary. He noticed that the holl
ow plastic boundary posts
often claimed more than mining land. Birds slipped
into the open ends of the
posts, sometimes to nest in them, and could not a
lways escape.
Rather than simply capping the posts, Berry developed the bird
boxes, which
are folded together from one piece of corrugated cardboard and
attached with
some simple hardware. The boxes are light enough for mineral
exploration
teams - who frequently hike many miles into remote areas - to ca
rry several
at a time.
Berry called on experts at the Nevada Department of W
ildlife to help design
the nesting boxes, which were first tested last year
at the group's
Rochester mine in Nevada, the largest primary silver mine in
the US. Now
schools and Scout groups are also using them.
Berry's boxes are
suitable for small birds, bluebirds and wrens, but larger
ones have been des
igned to accommodate kestrels, a species of owl and wood
ducks.
This, howeve
r, is not just a simple story about a nature-lover and a good
idea. Dead bir
ds are a very big issue at open-pit mines in the US. Mining
companies are sp
ending millions of dollars to make sure that they do not
fall foul of legisl
ation such as the US Migratory Bird Treaty Act. The act
makes it illegal for
any company or mine to kill migrating water fowl and
every death has to be
reported.
The mining method that causes difficulties is called heap leaching
. Ore is
placed in a heap on an impermeable plastic pad and a weak cyanide s
olution
is sprinkled over it. The solution collects at the bottom after perc
olating
through the ore and dissolving much of the metal.
This very low-cost
process has enabled gold and silver to be won from rock
containing very lit
tle of the precious metals - typically well under one
ounce of gold in every
tonne of ore - and it contributed to the tremendous
upsurge of gold mining
activity in Australia as well as North America in the
1980s.
But tailings (w
aste), discharged into ponds after the gold has been
separated from the solu
tion, still contains cyanide which takes some time to
lose its toxicity in t
he sunlight. Many of the US gold mines using heap
leaching are in desert are
as, and when birds in the desert see a patch of
blue water there is little t
hat can be done to stop them if they want to
drop in for a drink.
Most of th
e ponds are too large to be satisfactorily covered by netting -
heavy winte
r snows tend to tear it. But at the Rochester mine Coeur d'Alene
tried this
and various other methods to keep birds away from the cyanide
solution. To s
care the birds away, strips of polished aluminium were
employed as well as p
ropane cannons that exploded compressed gas with a loud
bang at intervals. N
one of these strategies worked perfectly.
Now the company is pioneering a 'c
losed loop' leaching system that does away
with the open ponds. Instead, the
cyanide solution circulates without seeing
the light of day, and the 'pregn
ant' or metal-bearing solution is held in a
closed tank before processing. E
ven the drip-irrigation facility is buried
below the surface of the heap of
ore on the leach pad.
All this obviously helps to protect birds and other wi
ldlife. But it has
also reduced Rochester's costs by enabling leaching to go
on year-round
without the heap freezing and by reducing the amount of cyani
de and water
used.
Coeur d'Alene is now leaching out the same amount of meta
l with 4,000
gallons of solution, against the previous 7,000 gallons.
Dennis
Wheeler, Coeur d'Alene's president, says the system helped to reduce
the ca
sh costs of production at Rochester from Dollars 3.76 a troy ounce in
1991 t
o Dollars 3.22 last year - or by more than 14 per cent.
He says: 'Environmen
tal protection is a key element in the mining industry
and it will remain so
.' So he encourages a positive approach throughout the
company - an approach
that led Berry to come forward with his bird house
initiative and resulted
in Coeur d'Alene winning several environmental
awards in the past five years
.
This helps create a positive image for the mining industry in its battles
with environmentalists. Wheeler suggests: 'Mining is a compatible use of the
land and fully in keeping with the US tradition of multiple use of our
land
s.'
He also insists that his shareholders recognise that money spent on
envi
ronmental actions is well-spent. 'Our shareholders want to be part of an
org
anisation that recognises a responsibility to the environment.'
Companies:-
Coeur d'Alene Mines Corp.
Countries:-
USZ United States of America.
Industries:-
P1041
Gold Ores.
P1044 Silver Ores.
Types:-
RES Polluti
on.
RES Natural resources.
The Financial Times
London Page 14
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9306
02
FT 02 JUN 93 / Business and the Environment: All for
the birds - Mining groups are anxious to protect wildlife
By KENNETH GOODING
Birds in Nevada now have new homes
courtesy of Coeur d'Alene Mines. The
company is attaching lightweight nesti
ng boxes to its claim posts - the
posts used to mark boundaries when mining
companies stake their claims.
The idea was developed by Rob Berry, senior la
ndsman with Coeur d'Alene's
exploration subsidiary. He noticed that the holl
ow plastic boundary posts
often claimed more than mining land. Birds slipped
into the open ends of the
posts, sometimes to nest in them, and could not a
lways escape.
Rather than simply capping the posts, Berry developed the bird
boxes, which
are folded together from one piece of corrugated cardboard and
attached with
some simple hardware. The boxes are light enough for mineral
exploration
teams - who frequently hike many miles into remote areas - to ca
rry several
at a time.
Berry called on experts at the Nevada Department of W
ildlife to help design
the nesting boxes, which were first tested last year
at the group's
Rochester mine in Nevada, the largest primary silver mine in
the US. Now
schools and Scout groups are also using them.
Berry's boxes are
suitable for small birds, bluebirds and wrens, but larger
ones have been des
igned to accommodate kestrels, a species of owl and wood
ducks.
This, howeve
r, is not just a simple story about a nature-lover and a good
idea. Dead bir
ds are a very big issue at open-pit mines in the US. Mining
companies are sp
ending millions of dollars to make sure that they do not
fall foul of legisl
ation such as the US Migratory Bird Treaty Act. The act
makes it illegal for
any company or mine to kill migrating water fowl and
every death has to be
reported.
The mining method that causes difficulties is called heap leaching
. Ore is
placed in a heap on an impermeable plastic pad and a weak cyanide s
olution
is sprinkled over it. The solution collects at the bottom after perc
olating
through the ore and dissolving much of the metal.
This very low-cost
process has enabled gold and silver to be won from rock
containing very lit
tle of the precious metals - typically well under one
ounce of gold in every
tonne of ore - and it contributed to the tremendous
upsurge of gold mining
activity in Australia as well as North America in the
1980s.
But tailings (w
aste), discharged into ponds after the gold has been
separated from the solu
tion, still contains cyanide which takes some time to
lose its toxicity in t
he sunlight. Many of the US gold mines using heap
leaching are in desert are
as, and when birds in the desert see a patch of
blue water there is little t
hat can be done to stop them if they want to
drop in for a drink.
Most of th
e ponds are too large to be satisfactorily covered by netting -
heavy winte
r snows tend to tear it. But at the Rochester mine Coeur d'Alene
tried this
and various other methods to keep birds away from the cyanide
solution. To s
care the birds away, strips of polished aluminium were
employed as well as p
ropane cannons that exploded compressed gas with a loud
bang at intervals. N
one of these strategies worked perfectly.
Now the company is pioneering a 'c
losed loop' leaching system that does away
with the open ponds. Instead, the
cyanide solution circulates without seeing
the light of day, and the 'pregn
ant' or metal-bearing solution is held in a
closed tank before processing. E
ven the drip-irrigation facility is buried
below the surface of the heap of
ore on the leach pad.
All this obviously helps to protect birds and other wi
ldlife. But it has
also reduced Rochester's costs by enabling leaching to go
on year-round
without the heap freezing and by reducing the amount of cyani
de and water
used.
Coeur d'Alene is now leaching out the same amount of meta
l with 4,000
gallons of solution, against the previous 7,000 gallons.
Dennis
Wheeler, Coeur d'Alene's president, says the system helped to reduce
the ca
sh costs of production at Rochester from Dollars 3.76 a troy ounce in
1991 t
o Dollars 3.22 last year - or by more than 14 per cent.
He says: 'Environmen
tal protection is a key element in the mining industry
and it will remain so
.' So he encourages a positive approach throughout the
company - an approach
that led Berry to come forward with his bird house
initiative and resulted
in Coeur d'Alene winning several environmental
awards in the past five years
.
This helps create a positive image for the mining industry in its battles
with environmentalists. Wheeler suggests: 'Mining is a compatible use of the
land and fully in keeping with the US tradition of multiple use of our
land
s.'
He also insists that his shareholders recognise that money spent on
envi
ronmental actions is well-spent. 'Our shareholders want to be part of an
org
anisation that recognises a responsibility to the environment.'
Companies:-
Coeur d'Alene Mines Corp.
Countries:-
USZ United States of America.
Industries:-
P1041
Gold Ores.
P1044 Silver Ores.
Types:-
RES Polluti
on.
RES Natural resources.
The Financial Times
London Page 14
============= Transaction # 43 ==============================================
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930
106
FT 06 JAN 93 / US stops BP chemical technology sale
to Iran
By ALAN FRIEDMAN
NEW
YORK
THE BUSH administration yesterday blocked the propo
sed sale of controversial
chemicals plant technology to Iran by the US chemi
cals subsidiary of British
Petroleum (BP).
The rejection, which caught both
BP and the State Department by surprise,
was announced by Mr Marlin Fitzwate
r, President Bush's press secretary. It
followed reports yesterday morning t
hat US government agencies remained
divided about the proposed sale because
of concerns that Iran might be able
to develop chemical weapons with a hydro
gen cyanide by-product of the BP
technology.
In Cleveland, BP's US chemicals
company said BP had not been notified of any
decision.
Mr Fitzwater said th
e decision to reject the sale to Iran had been taken a
month ago. But a Stat
e Department official said he understood the BP
proposal and a separate US c
ompany proposal to sell aircraft for crop
dusting to Iran had both been sche
duled for further discussion yesterday at
an inter-agency meeting. The State
Department said, however, it would defer
to the White House on the issue.
M
r Tony Kozlowski of BP's US chemicals company in Cleveland, Ohio, said the
c
ompany was first approached 18 months ago by Fibchem, an Iranian fibre
chemi
cals company. He said BP subsequently consulted various US government
agenci
es and was told there were no objections to the sale from the
Commerce, Ener
gy and Defence Departments or from the Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA).
So
me officials at the State Department had apparently opposed the sale on
the
grounds that it could help Iran's effort to develop a series of chemical
wea
pons.
The technology proposed for sale by BP included blueprints, plans, tec
hnical
assistance, training and catalysts needed to build a chemical plant a
t
Bandar Imam that would produce acrylonitrile, a base chemical used in the
manufacture of synthetic fibres. The value of the proposed transaction was
b
elieved to be less than Dollars 50m.
BP said it was seeking to address conce
rns as it continued its application
for an export licence from the Commerce
Department. The company said the
cyanide by-product could, however, be obtai
ned on the open market.
Congressional critics have worked behind the scenes
to oppose the proposed
transaction. Mr Yossef Bodansky, director of the Hous
e Republican task force
on terrorism and unconventional warfare, said yester
day he was pleased at
the rejection. He said the chemical by-product was 'a
very fast-acting nerve
agent that is extremely effective for battlefield use
'.
Companies:-
British Petroleum.
Fibchem.
Countries:-
USZ USA.
IRZ Iran, Middle East.
Industries:-
P28 Chemicals and Allied Products.
P9611 Admini
stration of General Economic Programs.
Types:-
TECH Li
cences.
MKTS Equipment sales.
GOVT Government News.
The
Financial Times
London Page 3
============= Transaction # 47 ==============================================
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FT931-16618
_AN-DAFBVAAWFT
930
106
FT 06 JAN 93 / US stops BP chemical technology sale
to Iran
By ALAN FRIEDMAN
NEW
YORK
THE BUSH administration yesterday blocked the propo
sed sale of controversial
chemicals plant technology to Iran by the US chemi
cals subsidiary of British
Petroleum (BP).
The rejection, which caught both
BP and the State Department by surprise,
was announced by Mr Marlin Fitzwate
r, President Bush's press secretary. It
followed reports yesterday morning t
hat US government agencies remained
divided about the proposed sale because
of concerns that Iran might be able
to develop chemical weapons with a hydro
gen cyanide by-product of the BP
technology.
In Cleveland, BP's US chemicals
company said BP had not been notified of any
decision.
Mr Fitzwater said th
e decision to reject the sale to Iran had been taken a
month ago. But a Stat
e Department official said he understood the BP
proposal and a separate US c
ompany proposal to sell aircraft for crop
dusting to Iran had both been sche
duled for further discussion yesterday at
an inter-agency meeting. The State
Department said, however, it would defer
to the White House on the issue.
M
r Tony Kozlowski of BP's US chemicals company in Cleveland, Ohio, said the
c
ompany was first approached 18 months ago by Fibchem, an Iranian fibre
chemi
cals company. He said BP subsequently consulted various US government
agenci
es and was told there were no objections to the sale from the
Commerce, Ener
gy and Defence Departments or from the Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA).
So
me officials at the State Department had apparently opposed the sale on
the
grounds that it could help Iran's effort to develop a series of chemical
wea
pons.
The technology proposed for sale by BP included blueprints, plans, tec
hnical
assistance, training and catalysts needed to build a chemical plant a
t
Bandar Imam that would produce acrylonitrile, a base chemical used in the
manufacture of synthetic fibres. The value of the proposed transaction was
b
elieved to be less than Dollars 50m.
BP said it was seeking to address conce
rns as it continued its application
for an export licence from the Commerce
Department. The company said the
cyanide by-product could, however, be obtai
ned on the open market.
Congressional critics have worked behind the scenes
to oppose the proposed
transaction. Mr Yossef Bodansky, director of the Hous
e Republican task force
on terrorism and unconventional warfare, said yester
day he was pleased at
the rejection. He said the chemical by-product was 'a
very fast-acting nerve
agent that is extremely effective for battlefield use
'.
Companies:-
British Petroleum.
Fibchem.
Countries:-
USZ USA.
IRZ Iran, Middle East.
Industries:-
P28 Chemicals and Allied Products.
P9611 Admini
stration of General Economic Programs.
Types:-
TECH Li
cences.
MKTS Equipment sales.
GOVT Government News.
The
Financial Times
London Page 3
============= Transaction # 48 ==============================================
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FT931-16618
_AN-DAFBVAAWFT
930
106
FT 06 JAN 93 / US stops BP chemical technology sale
to Iran
By ALAN FRIEDMAN
NEW
YORK
THE BUSH administration yesterday blocked the propo
sed sale of controversial
chemicals plant technology to Iran by the US chemi
cals subsidiary of British
Petroleum (BP).
The rejection, which caught both
BP and the State Department by surprise,
was announced by Mr Marlin Fitzwate
r, President Bush's press secretary. It
followed reports yesterday morning t
hat US government agencies remained
divided about the proposed sale because
of concerns that Iran might be able
to develop chemical weapons with a hydro
gen cyanide by-product of the BP
technology.
In Cleveland, BP's US chemicals
company said BP had not been notified of any
decision.
Mr Fitzwater said th
e decision to reject the sale to Iran had been taken a
month ago. But a Stat
e Department official said he understood the BP
proposal and a separate US c
ompany proposal to sell aircraft for crop
dusting to Iran had both been sche
duled for further discussion yesterday at
an inter-agency meeting. The State
Department said, however, it would defer
to the White House on the issue.
M
r Tony Kozlowski of BP's US chemicals company in Cleveland, Ohio, said the
c
ompany was first approached 18 months ago by Fibchem, an Iranian fibre
chemi
cals company. He said BP subsequently consulted various US government
agenci
es and was told there were no objections to the sale from the
Commerce, Ener
gy and Defence Departments or from the Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA).
So
me officials at the State Department had apparently opposed the sale on
the
grounds that it could help Iran's effort to develop a series of chemical
wea
pons.
The technology proposed for sale by BP included blueprints, plans, tec
hnical
assistance, training and catalysts needed to build a chemical plant a
t
Bandar Imam that would produce acrylonitrile, a base chemical used in the
manufacture of synthetic fibres. The value of the proposed transaction was
b
elieved to be less than Dollars 50m.
BP said it was seeking to address conce
rns as it continued its application
for an export licence from the Commerce
Department. The company said the
cyanide by-product could, however, be obtai
ned on the open market.
Congressional critics have worked behind the scenes
to oppose the proposed
transaction. Mr Yossef Bodansky, director of the Hous
e Republican task force
on terrorism and unconventional warfare, said yester
day he was pleased at
the rejection. He said the chemical by-product was 'a
very fast-acting nerve
agent that is extremely effective for battlefield use
'.
Companies:-
British Petroleum.
Fibchem.
Countries:-
USZ USA.
IRZ Iran, Middle East.
Industries:-
P28 Chemicals and Allied Products.
P9611 Admini
stration of General Economic Programs.
Types:-
TECH Li
cences.
MKTS Equipment sales.
GOVT Government News.
The
Financial Times
London Page 3
============= Transaction # 49 ==============================================
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FT931-2264
_AN-DCUAGAEIFT
9303
20
FT 20 MAR 93 / End of the lode for gold thieves: A Br
itish geologist in Australia has found a way to 'fingerprint' the metal
By KENNETH GOODING
THE GOLD thief could
not believe his bad luck. Like nearly everyone else in
the business, he was
convinced that the origins of what he had stolen were
untraceable once iden
tification marks had been removed.
Yet, the expert prosecution witness was t
elling the court, with uncanny
accuracy, how the thief had gone about disgui
sing them.
The witness said the metal had been melted and some 18-carat scra
p gold
added before it was melted again. He even identified the mine from wh
ich the
gold had been taken. The accused man was so astounded that he change
d his
plea to guilty - and then admitted he had indeed done everything claim
ed.
Dr John Watling, the expert witness, was so elated that he almost asked
the
judge to let the thief go free. For the case was a crucial step in
estab
lishing that gold 'finger-printing' really does work.
This technological bre
akthrough affects not just gold thieves: it will make
life much more difficu
lt for fraudsters and drug barons the world over.
Before long, Watling's wor
k will result in much of the world's gold being
finger-printed so that its o
rigins can be pinpointed with certainty. In this
way, it will cease to be an
untraceable international currency.
This will, for example, make laundering
drug receipts more difficult. One
way in which drug rings move their money
into the mainstream banking system
is to buy gold-mining land, or even old m
ines.
Stolen gold is bought with the illicit cash and is then mixed with dir
t and
possibly some metal from the mine or mining area. The metal then goes
to a
refinery, which has no way of knowing it is not newly-mined gold. When
it
leaves there, it has become 'legal.'
Watling's system also will help to p
rove that mines have been 'salted,' a
confidence trick as old as the industr
y itself.
Watling, 42, is a British geologist and geo-chemist born at Helsde
n, near
Norwich. Educated at Imperial College, London, he has for the past t
wo years
been in charge of the West Australian government's minerals science
laboratory in Perth. He started work on his finger-printing theory about 10
years ago when it occurred to him that the 70-80 elements in gold might be
brought together in a unique way whenever a specific deposit was formed.
It
was only a short step from proving the theory to finding a practical
applica
tion. That came when he gave evidence in a case where the accused
claimed th
at gold in his possession came from South Africa. Watling showed
that it act
ually originated from a West Australian field.
How? Because, said Watling, S
outh African gold has significant
concentrations of palladium, ruthenium, pl
atinum, osmium and iridium;
Australian gold has none of these.
Watling needs
only a very small trace of gold for his work. The sample is
cut by a laser
linked with a plasma-mass spectrometer; this identifies the
trace elements p
resent. The technique is similar to to traditional human
finger-printing in
that a jury can simply be shown patterns on sheets of
paper to compare one g
old sample with another.
Watling says the first case to use gold finger-prin
ting was the most
difficult because his team had to go to great lengths to g
et the details
absolutely right. Today, defence lawyers in Western Australia
no longer
question the validity of the technique, which has been used in 17
gold theft
cases. This is particularly important in a state where it is est
imated that
at least 2 per cent of the gold mined is stolen - an annual loss
worth about
ADollars 2.5bn.
Part of the reason for this is that, in the Wes
t Australian fields, stealing
gold is not considered a particularly serious
crime. This attitude dates
back to the days when miners were paid a pittance
for working underground in
difficult and dangerous conditions. When, occasi
onally, a miner found a gold
nugget among the ore, the temptation to pocket
it often was irresistible.
Today, most of Western Australia's gold is spread
in invisible specks
through the ore which is dug from open pits by construc
tion equipment and
put through a chemical recovery process. Accidents are ra
re and pay is
reasonable.
But every one of the 29 pubs in Kalgoorlie, the to
wn at the heart of the
state's eastern goldfields, still has its 'gold buyer
' - someone willing to
give cash for the metal with no questions asked. And
while it is unusual to
find a nugget, the new technology used in the goldfie
lds does not deter
determined thieves.
A wire wool pad suspended discretely
in a mine's carbon-in-leach tank will
collect about two troy ounces of gold
a day, worth nearly ADollars 900.
Thieves take gold-impregnated carbon and u
se oxy-acetylene equipment to burn
away the charcoal to get at the gold.
The
y even take the so-called pregnant solution - a mixture of water, cyanide
an
d gold - and set up their own processing operations to extract the gold.
To
combat all this, the West Australian Gold Producers' Association, working
th
rough the Chamber of Mines and Energy, uses the services of the
Kalgoorlie-b
ased Gold Stealing Detection Unit. This is part of the state's
police force
but is hired out to the private sector. Its present head, Det
Senior Sgt Dar
ryl Lockhart, says that unless it is obvious a gold theft case
can be resolv
ed quickly in court, all samples and exhibits go to Watling's
laboratory for
testing. 'It is an invaluable tool for us,' he adds.
So far, Watling has fi
nger-printed 60 mines and 40 bullion samples from
Western Australia and is n
ow finger-printing more than 200 samples from
South Africa and Russia. He an
d some colleagues are soon to publish a paper
making the technique available
to other scientists.
Countries:-
AUZ Australia.
Industries:-
P1041 Gold Ores.
Types:-
CMMT Comment & Analysis.
The Financial Times
Lond
on Page X
============= Transaction # 50 ==============================================
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FT931-2264
_AN-DCUAGAEIFT
9303
20
FT 20 MAR 93 / End of the lode for gold thieves: A Br
itish geologist in Australia has found a way to 'fingerprint' the metal
By KENNETH GOODING
THE GOLD thief could
not believe his bad luck. Like nearly everyone else in
the business, he was
convinced that the origins of what he had stolen were
untraceable once iden
tification marks had been removed.
Yet, the expert prosecution witness was t
elling the court, with uncanny
accuracy, how the thief had gone about disgui
sing them.
The witness said the metal had been melted and some 18-carat scra
p gold
added before it was melted again. He even identified the mine from wh
ich the
gold had been taken. The accused man was so astounded that he change
d his
plea to guilty - and then admitted he had indeed done everything claim
ed.
Dr John Watling, the expert witness, was so elated that he almost asked
the
judge to let the thief go free. For the case was a crucial step in
estab
lishing that gold 'finger-printing' really does work.
This technological bre
akthrough affects not just gold thieves: it will make
life much more difficu
lt for fraudsters and drug barons the world over.
Before long, Watling's wor
k will result in much of the world's gold being
finger-printed so that its o
rigins can be pinpointed with certainty. In this
way, it will cease to be an
untraceable international currency.
This will, for example, make laundering
drug receipts more difficult. One
way in which drug rings move their money
into the mainstream banking system
is to buy gold-mining land, or even old m
ines.
Stolen gold is bought with the illicit cash and is then mixed with dir
t and
possibly some metal from the mine or mining area. The metal then goes
to a
refinery, which has no way of knowing it is not newly-mined gold. When
it
leaves there, it has become 'legal.'
Watling's system also will help to p
rove that mines have been 'salted,' a
confidence trick as old as the industr
y itself.
Watling, 42, is a British geologist and geo-chemist born at Helsde
n, near
Norwich. Educated at Imperial College, London, he has for the past t
wo years
been in charge of the West Australian government's minerals science
laboratory in Perth. He started work on his finger-printing theory about 10
years ago when it occurred to him that the 70-80 elements in gold might be
brought together in a unique way whenever a specific deposit was formed.
It
was only a short step from proving the theory to finding a practical
applica
tion. That came when he gave evidence in a case where the accused
claimed th
at gold in his possession came from South Africa. Watling showed
that it act
ually originated from a West Australian field.
How? Because, said Watling, S
outh African gold has significant
concentrations of palladium, ruthenium, pl
atinum, osmium and iridium;
Australian gold has none of these.
Watling needs
only a very small trace of gold for his work. The sample is
cut by a laser
linked with a plasma-mass spectrometer; this identifies the
trace elements p
resent. The technique is similar to to traditional human
finger-printing in
that a jury can simply be shown patterns on sheets of
paper to compare one g
old sample with another.
Watling says the first case to use gold finger-prin
ting was the most
difficult because his team had to go to great lengths to g
et the details
absolutely right. Today, defence lawyers in Western Australia
no longer
question the validity of the technique, which has been used in 17
gold theft
cases. This is particularly important in a state where it is est
imated that
at least 2 per cent of the gold mined is stolen - an annual loss
worth about
ADollars 2.5bn.
Part of the reason for this is that, in the Wes
t Australian fields, stealing
gold is not considered a particularly serious
crime. This attitude dates
back to the days when miners were paid a pittance
for working underground in
difficult and dangerous conditions. When, occasi
onally, a miner found a gold
nugget among the ore, the temptation to pocket
it often was irresistible.
Today, most of Western Australia's gold is spread
in invisible specks
through the ore which is dug from open pits by construc
tion equipment and
put through a chemical recovery process. Accidents are ra
re and pay is
reasonable.
But every one of the 29 pubs in Kalgoorlie, the to
wn at the heart of the
state's eastern goldfields, still has its 'gold buyer
' - someone willing to
give cash for the metal with no questions asked. And
while it is unusual to
find a nugget, the new technology used in the goldfie
lds does not deter
determined thieves.
A wire wool pad suspended discretely
in a mine's carbon-in-leach tank will
collect about two troy ounces of gold
a day, worth nearly ADollars 900.
Thieves take gold-impregnated carbon and u
se oxy-acetylene equipment to burn
away the charcoal to get at the gold.
The
y even take the so-called pregnant solution - a mixture of water, cyanide
an
d gold - and set up their own processing operations to extract the gold.
To
combat all this, the West Australian Gold Producers' Association, working
th
rough the Chamber of Mines and Energy, uses the services of the
Kalgoorlie-b
ased Gold Stealing Detection Unit. This is part of the state's
police force
but is hired out to the private sector. Its present head, Det
Senior Sgt Dar
ryl Lockhart, says that unless it is obvious a gold theft case
can be resolv
ed quickly in court, all samples and exhibits go to Watling's
laboratory for
testing. 'It is an invaluable tool for us,' he adds.
So far, Watling has fi
nger-printed 60 mines and 40 bullion samples from
Western Australia and is n
ow finger-printing more than 200 samples from
South Africa and Russia. He an
d some colleagues are soon to publish a paper
making the technique available
to other scientists.
Countries:-
AUZ Australia.
Industries:-
P1041 Gold Ores.
Types:-
CMMT Comment & Analysis.
The Financial Times
Lond
on Page X
============= Transaction # 51 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 54 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 55 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 56 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 58 ==============================================
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FT922-4414
_AN-CFEA9AEEFT
9206
05
FT 05 JUN 92 / Survey of Vehicle Manufacturing Techno
logy (6): Machines are now used for tasks beyond spot welding - Robots
By ANDREW BAXTER
ROBOTS have become an e
stablished part of the vehicle manufacturing scene
over the past 15 years. T
he motor industry accounts for as much as 40 per
cent of the 450,000 install
ed industrial robots worldwide but their use is
changing and applications ar
e expanding.
The traditional picture of long lines of robots each making bil
lions of spot
welds on car bodies in a working life of eight to 10 years is
still true,
but only half the story. Those same welding robots are as likely
to be
grouped in flexible manufacturing cells and capable of handling a wid
e range
of models in quick succession.
At the same time, smaller robots are
increasingly being used in engine
assembly, where their ability to do qualit
y, repetitive work with a
precision of 1/100th of a millimetre is much in de
mand. Robots are being
used in final assembly work and paint spraying, and s
uppliers hope to be
able to develop these markets now that the technology ha
s been proven.
There is an emerging trend for robots to be used in automotiv
e
sub-contracting, prompted by the vehicle manufacturers' need to be as
conf
ident in the consistency and quality of out-sourced components as for
their
own work.
The shorter lives of car models, prompted by increased competition
in the
industry and the Japanese producers' early efforts to reduce product
development times, are changing the use and design of robots.
The tradition
al practice of replacing a robot after two model cycles may
have been approp
riate when each car model was lasting six to eight years.
But with model liv
es reduced to three to four years, users want to keep
their robots for furth
er models, and thus want increased flexibility,
according to Dr Axel Gerhard
t, a senior board member at the holding company
for Kuka, Germany's largest
robot supplier.
Many of the latest trends in the use of robotics originated
in Japan where
labour shortages have spurred much greater penetration of rob
ots into
industry overall compared with Europe and the US. But robot supplie
rs such
as ABB Robotics, the largest in Europe, believe the European automot
ive
industry is as enthusiastic a user of robotic automation as its Japanese
counterpart.
However, some of the more recent applications of robots are le
ss prevalent
in Europe, giving an opportunity to suppliers if they can convi
nce producers
of the economic benefits. There are national variations too: t
he UK is a
long way behind the US and the rest of Europe in the use of robot
s in the
paint shop, says Mr Mike Wilson, UK sales and marketing director at
GMFanuc
Robotics.
The versatility of modern industrial robots for tasks tha
t go beyond spot
welding is illustrated by Kuka's involvement in final assem
bly of the
Citroen XM. Following painting, robots dismount the doors and tai
lgate, with
the aid of sensors, for completion on separate trim lines; the c
ockpit is
picked up by robot from an automatic guided vehicle, inserted thro
ugh the
door and then bolted to the body by a second robot.
Robots are used
for applying the adhesive sealants and for fitting the glass
exactly into th
e body aperture with the aid of ultrasonic scanners; seats
are inserted by r
obot after measuring the exact position of the body by
means of tactile sens
ors, wheels are mounted and doors and tailgate
refitted.
Some of these tasks
are difficult for robots because of the nature of final
assembly. Robots ar
e having to operate in a less structured environment,
says Mr Wilson, and de
al with less defined objects such as seats.
Another problem, at least outsid
e Japan, is that labour is available and
costs less than in skilled manufact
uring areas. So robot suppliers have to
find applications that create added
value, says Mr Stelio Demark, head of
ABB Robotics.
There are still opportun
ities for greater use of robots further up the
production line. Relatively n
ew processes such as laser-cutting and
water-jet cutting are likely to becom
e more prevalent, in association with
robots, especially for working with pl
astics and new advanced composites.
Mr Demark sees a substantial increase in
automated arc-welding in the
automotive industry and sub-suppliers. And Com
au, the Italian robotics and
systems group, expects some interesting investm
ents in the body area,
prompted by the increased need for new models, accord
ing to Mr Massimo
Mattucci, vice-president for engineering and marketing.
In
paint spraying, says Mr Demark, robots have hardly scratched the surface.
L
ast year, ABB strengthened its position in the robotic painting market with
the acquisition of Graco in the US, but GMFanuc, a US/Japanese concern, and
Behr of Germany have strong positions.
The flexibility of robots to handle m
odel changes will be the key to their
further implementation in the car body
area. In engine and transmission
production, robots are becoming better est
ablished, and Mr Mattucci suggests
a new generation of engines prompted by t
ougher environmental regulations
could be the spur to further investment in
robots.
However, an increasing portion of business for robot suppliers seems
likely
to come from refurbishment of existing robots rather than new purcha
ses as
customers seek maximum value from their manufacturing investments.
In
the past three or four years, this has been a growing trend of robot
refitt
ing and modification in the motor industry, carried out during model
changeo
vers and restoring robots to previous levels of accuracy and
productivity.
<
/TEXT>
The Financial Times
London Page III
============= Transaction # 59 ==============================================
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9206
05
FT 05 JUN 92 / Survey of Vehicle Manufacturing Techno
logy (6): Machines are now used for tasks beyond spot welding - Robots
By ANDREW BAXTER
ROBOTS have become an e
stablished part of the vehicle manufacturing scene
over the past 15 years. T
he motor industry accounts for as much as 40 per
cent of the 450,000 install
ed industrial robots worldwide but their use is
changing and applications ar
e expanding.
The traditional picture of long lines of robots each making bil
lions of spot
welds on car bodies in a working life of eight to 10 years is
still true,
but only half the story. Those same welding robots are as likely
to be
grouped in flexible manufacturing cells and capable of handling a wid
e range
of models in quick succession.
At the same time, smaller robots are
increasingly being used in engine
assembly, where their ability to do qualit
y, repetitive work with a
precision of 1/100th of a millimetre is much in de
mand. Robots are being
used in final assembly work and paint spraying, and s
uppliers hope to be
able to develop these markets now that the technology ha
s been proven.
There is an emerging trend for robots to be used in automotiv
e
sub-contracting, prompted by the vehicle manufacturers' need to be as
conf
ident in the consistency and quality of out-sourced components as for
their
own work.
The shorter lives of car models, prompted by increased competition
in the
industry and the Japanese producers' early efforts to reduce product
development times, are changing the use and design of robots.
The tradition
al practice of replacing a robot after two model cycles may
have been approp
riate when each car model was lasting six to eight years.
But with model liv
es reduced to three to four years, users want to keep
their robots for furth
er models, and thus want increased flexibility,
according to Dr Axel Gerhard
t, a senior board member at the holding company
for Kuka, Germany's largest
robot supplier.
Many of the latest trends in the use of robotics originated
in Japan where
labour shortages have spurred much greater penetration of rob
ots into
industry overall compared with Europe and the US. But robot supplie
rs such
as ABB Robotics, the largest in Europe, believe the European automot
ive
industry is as enthusiastic a user of robotic automation as its Japanese
counterpart.
However, some of the more recent applications of robots are le
ss prevalent
in Europe, giving an opportunity to suppliers if they can convi
nce producers
of the economic benefits. There are national variations too: t
he UK is a
long way behind the US and the rest of Europe in the use of robot
s in the
paint shop, says Mr Mike Wilson, UK sales and marketing director at
GMFanuc
Robotics.
The versatility of modern industrial robots for tasks tha
t go beyond spot
welding is illustrated by Kuka's involvement in final assem
bly of the
Citroen XM. Following painting, robots dismount the doors and tai
lgate, with
the aid of sensors, for completion on separate trim lines; the c
ockpit is
picked up by robot from an automatic guided vehicle, inserted thro
ugh the
door and then bolted to the body by a second robot.
Robots are used
for applying the adhesive sealants and for fitting the glass
exactly into th
e body aperture with the aid of ultrasonic scanners; seats
are inserted by r
obot after measuring the exact position of the body by
means of tactile sens
ors, wheels are mounted and doors and tailgate
refitted.
Some of these tasks
are difficult for robots because of the nature of final
assembly. Robots ar
e having to operate in a less structured environment,
says Mr Wilson, and de
al with less defined objects such as seats.
Another problem, at least outsid
e Japan, is that labour is available and
costs less than in skilled manufact
uring areas. So robot suppliers have to
find applications that create added
value, says Mr Stelio Demark, head of
ABB Robotics.
There are still opportun
ities for greater use of robots further up the
production line. Relatively n
ew processes such as laser-cutting and
water-jet cutting are likely to becom
e more prevalent, in association with
robots, especially for working with pl
astics and new advanced composites.
Mr Demark sees a substantial increase in
automated arc-welding in the
automotive industry and sub-suppliers. And Com
au, the Italian robotics and
systems group, expects some interesting investm
ents in the body area,
prompted by the increased need for new models, accord
ing to Mr Massimo
Mattucci, vice-president for engineering and marketing.
In
paint spraying, says Mr Demark, robots have hardly scratched the surface.
L
ast year, ABB strengthened its position in the robotic painting market with
the acquisition of Graco in the US, but GMFanuc, a US/Japanese concern, and
Behr of Germany have strong positions.
The flexibility of robots to handle m
odel changes will be the key to their
further implementation in the car body
area. In engine and transmission
production, robots are becoming better est
ablished, and Mr Mattucci suggests
a new generation of engines prompted by t
ougher environmental regulations
could be the spur to further investment in
robots.
However, an increasing portion of business for robot suppliers seems
likely
to come from refurbishment of existing robots rather than new purcha
ses as
customers seek maximum value from their manufacturing investments.
In
the past three or four years, this has been a growing trend of robot
refitt
ing and modification in the motor industry, carried out during model
changeo
vers and restoring robots to previous levels of accuracy and
productivity.
<
/TEXT>
The Financial Times
London Page III
============= Transaction # 60 ==============================================
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FT944-18195
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941
005
FT 05 OCT 94 / Industrial robots 'set to soar by one
third': Potential for expansion enormous, says report
By FRANCES WILLIAMS
GENEVA
The
world's industrial robot population is forecast to soar by more than a
thir
d over the four years to 1997, according to a report published by the
United
Nations Economic Commission for Europe and the International
Federation of
Robotics yesterday.*
The report, the first in an annual series, says sagging
growth in robot
investment bottomed out in 1993 and numbers are set to jump
from 610,000 at
the end of last year to more than 830,000 by the end of 199
7. Annual sales
are predicted to rise from about 54,000 units in 1993 to mor
e than 103,000
units in 1997.
Japan accounts for more than half the world's
robot stock, equivalent to 325
robots for every 10,000 manufacturing workers
. It is followed by Singapore
(109), Sweden (73), Italy (70) and Germany (62
).
Use of robots is most widespread in the motor vehicle industry, which
acc
ounts for between a third and more than one-half of robots in use in
countri
es such as France, Poland, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan and
Britain.
Tho
ugh Japan now has the highest number of robots in the electrical and
electro
nic industry, it remains the world leader by far in the use of robots
for ve
hicle manufacture.
In the transport equipment sector, which includes motor v
ehicles, Japan has
1,000 robots for every 10,000 workers, compared with 167
in Sweden, 110 in
France and 63 in Britain.
In most countries, especially th
ose with big motor vehicle industries,
robots are used most frequently for w
elding.
But in some countries machining is the most common application. In J
apan 40
per cent of the robot stock is used for assembly, reflecting the lar
ge-scale
use of robots in the electronic sector.
The potential for expansion
of robotics is enormous. Numbers would explode
if other industrialised coun
tries were to reach Japan's robot densities and
if industry in general were
to reach only half the robot density of the
motor vehicle sector.
If all ind
ustries in France and Britain had half as many robots as the motor
industry
in these countries, the robot stock would more than double. If it
reached ha
lf the density of the Japanese motor vehicle industry, it would
increase mor
e than 20-fold.
*World Industrial Robots 1994: Statistics 1983-93 and foreca
sts to 1997.
Sales No. GV. E94.0.24, UN Sales section, Palais des Nations, C
H-1211 Geneva
10, Dollars 120.
Countries:-
CHZ Switz
erland, West Europe.
Industries:-
P3569 General Industr
ial Machinery, NEC.
P3548 Welding Apparatus.
Types:-
MKTS Market shares.
CMMT Comment & Analysis.
The Financia
l Times
London Page 4
============= Transaction # 62 ==============================================
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FT944-18195
_AN-EJED5AA3FT
941
005
FT 05 OCT 94 / Industrial robots 'set to soar by one
third': Potential for expansion enormous, says report
By FRANCES WILLIAMS
GENEVA
The
world's industrial robot population is forecast to soar by more than a
thir
d over the four years to 1997, according to a report published by the
United
Nations Economic Commission for Europe and the International
Federation of
Robotics yesterday.*
The report, the first in an annual series, says sagging
growth in robot
investment bottomed out in 1993 and numbers are set to jump
from 610,000 at
the end of last year to more than 830,000 by the end of 199
7. Annual sales
are predicted to rise from about 54,000 units in 1993 to mor
e than 103,000
units in 1997.
Japan accounts for more than half the world's
robot stock, equivalent to 325
robots for every 10,000 manufacturing workers
. It is followed by Singapore
(109), Sweden (73), Italy (70) and Germany (62
).
Use of robots is most widespread in the motor vehicle industry, which
acc
ounts for between a third and more than one-half of robots in use in
countri
es such as France, Poland, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan and
Britain.
Tho
ugh Japan now has the highest number of robots in the electrical and
electro
nic industry, it remains the world leader by far in the use of robots
for ve
hicle manufacture.
In the transport equipment sector, which includes motor v
ehicles, Japan has
1,000 robots for every 10,000 workers, compared with 167
in Sweden, 110 in
France and 63 in Britain.
In most countries, especially th
ose with big motor vehicle industries,
robots are used most frequently for w
elding.
But in some countries machining is the most common application. In J
apan 40
per cent of the robot stock is used for assembly, reflecting the lar
ge-scale
use of robots in the electronic sector.
The potential for expansion
of robotics is enormous. Numbers would explode
if other industrialised coun
tries were to reach Japan's robot densities and
if industry in general were
to reach only half the robot density of the
motor vehicle sector.
If all ind
ustries in France and Britain had half as many robots as the motor
industry
in these countries, the robot stock would more than double. If it
reached ha
lf the density of the Japanese motor vehicle industry, it would
increase mor
e than 20-fold.
*World Industrial Robots 1994: Statistics 1983-93 and foreca
sts to 1997.
Sales No. GV. E94.0.24, UN Sales section, Palais des Nations, C
H-1211 Geneva
10, Dollars 120.
Countries:-
CHZ Switz
erland, West Europe.
Industries:-
P3569 General Industr
ial Machinery, NEC.
P3548 Welding Apparatus.
Types:-
MKTS Market shares.
CMMT Comment & Analysis.
The Financia
l Times
London Page 4
============= Transaction # 63 ==============================================
Transaction #: 63 Transaction Code: 19 (Record Selected)
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FT941-1242
_AN-ECYC5AHGFT
9403
25
FT 25 MAR 94 / Ingenuity - The FT Engineering Review
(2): Untouched by human hands - Intelligent machines are a familiar sight on
motor production lines. Now they are expected to turn their 'hands' to the
high-speed packing of food and drink / Robots
By JOH
N DUNN
A PLATOON of raw recruits drafted in to the French a
rmy to pack combat
rations are having to look lively. Up to 10 different men
us are needed each
month.
Each ration consists of 18 items ranging from a pa
ck of biscuits and a tin
of meat to purification tablets and a miniature sto
ve. In order to keep the
fighting troops fed, the new recruits have to pack
rations at the rate of 24
a minute.
The luckless legionnaires are 13 industr
ial robots, part of a FFr25m
automated packaging and palletising line built
for the army by ABB Robotics.
Three robots unload boxes of goodies from pall
ets on to a conveyor which
delivers them to the ration packing station.
Here
another nine machines, using videos cameras to recognise the right
items, p
ack them into ration boxes in just 2.5 seconds. The 13 robots stack
the rati
on boxes on to a pallet for delivery to the barracks. Five different
menus c
an be put on one pallet to match a barracks' order.
David Marshall, responsi
ble for customer training at ABB Robotics in Milton
Keynes, fervently hopes
that the food, drinks and confectionery industry -
including even army ratio
ns - will become the next big market for robots.
'The whole robot industry h
as depended on the automotive industry since day
one. Look at the figures -
80 per cent of the world market for robots is in
the automotive and automoti
ve supply industry. We are looking to the food
industry to perform as well a
s the automotive industry.'
The reason for his optimism is that industrial r
obots have become more
attractive to the food industry for packing and handl
ing, particularly in
the light of new health and safety regulations restrict
ing the weight of
loads that can be lifted manually.
They have become faster
, reliable, more accurate, and easier to incorporate
into a production line.
Better motor control software has allowed ABB, for
example, to squeeze 25 p
er cent more performance out of the same robot.
Robots are also simpler to p
rogram, operate and maintain. And they can lift
bigger loads. They can also
be washed down with a hosepipe. And prices are
coming down to a level where
paybacks are acceptable to the food industry.
'The food, drink and confectio
nery industry is surviving on low-cost female
labour. Despite their flexibil
ity, using people to pack those army rations
would have been a nightmare,' s
ays Marshall. Also, the industry is looking
to cut costs. Although robots ar
e flexible and reliable, so far they have
been too slow and too expensive, s
ays Marshall.
But what is good for the food and drinks makers is good for ma
nufacturing
industry. Mike Wilson, marketing manager at Fanuc Robotics in Co
ventry, says
of the improvements in robot performance: 'Our new ARC Mate wel
ding robot,
for example, is 30 per cent cheaper in real terms than a similar
model three
years ago. And it is 20 per cent faster. A spot welding robot c
an now do one
spot weld every 1.5 seconds.' Ten years ago, says Wilson, it w
ould have
taken three.
Some of the gain has come from the improved mechanica
l performance of robots
-faster acceleration and deceleration and better ov
ershoot behaviour. And
some has come from better integration of the robot in
to the process, says
Wilson. 'The spot welding gun will begin to close befor
e it gets to the
weld, for instance.' The load capacity and accuracy of robo
ts has come on in
leaps and bounds, too. 'The biggest robot we do carries 30
0kg. That was
unheard of 10 years ago for an electric robot,' says Wilson.
R
eliability has also greatly improved, he says. An example is the arc
welding
robot. Weld wires occasionally get stuck in the solidified weld pool
at the
end of a weld. A few years ago, as the robot moved away it would rip
the we
lding torch off the arm. Today, says Wilson, 'wire-stick' sensors
prevent th
is and automatically send a pulse of current down the wire to burn
it free.
A similar example of improved capability is 'scratch start'. If a bead of
si
lica from the flux gets left on the end of the welding wire, it will not
str
ike an arc and has to be snipped off manually. Today's robot will sense
this
and scratch the tip of the wire along the component to rub the bead
off. It
will then go back to the correct place on the weld and start
welding.
Overa
ll, says Wilson, the cost-to-performance ratio of robots today is
considerab
ly better than a few years ago. Most people now buy a robot
'package' which
includes some process engineering expertise and an
application software pack
age. 'This avoids a lot of programming and makes
them quicker to install and
easier to operate.'
When Vauxhall bought 120 Fanuc welding robots for its n
ew Astra line at the
Ellesmere Port plant a couple of years ago, it handed t
hem on to six
companies building the welding lines. 'We designed a software
package for
Vauxhall that would interface the robots with all the hardware a
nd provide
an operator interface. That forced all the line builders to use t
he robots
in the same way. It made maintenance a lot simpler and saved money
. We only
had to write the software once and copy it six times. Each line bu
ilder
would have had to develop their own.'
Yet despite the advances in robo
t technology, Britain has one of the
smallest robot populations of all the i
ndustrialised nations, around 7,600,
compared with Germany's 39,000 and Japa
n's staggering 350,000.
Even the former USSR has more robots per employee in
manufacturing industry
than Britain. The problem is the 18 month to two yea
r paybacks demanded in
Britain, says Wilson, compared with as long as five y
ears in Japan. 'It is
very difficult to justify any capital expenditure on a
n 18 month payback.'
John Dunn is deputy editor of The Engineer
Countries:-
GBZ United Kingdom, EC.
Industries:-
P3569 General Industrial Machinery, NEC.
P3556 Food Products Machi
nery.
Types:-
TECH Products & Product use.
CMMT C
omment & Analysis.
The Financial Times
London Page
IV
============= Transaction # 64 ==============================================
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9403
25
FT 25 MAR 94 / Ingenuity - The FT Engineering Review
(2): Untouched by human hands - Intelligent machines are a familiar sight on
motor production lines. Now they are expected to turn their 'hands' to the
high-speed packing of food and drink / Robots
By JOH
N DUNN
A PLATOON of raw recruits drafted in to the French a
rmy to pack combat
rations are having to look lively. Up to 10 different men
us are needed each
month.
Each ration consists of 18 items ranging from a pa
ck of biscuits and a tin
of meat to purification tablets and a miniature sto
ve. In order to keep the
fighting troops fed, the new recruits have to pack
rations at the rate of 24
a minute.
The luckless legionnaires are 13 industr
ial robots, part of a FFr25m
automated packaging and palletising line built
for the army by ABB Robotics.
Three robots unload boxes of goodies from pall
ets on to a conveyor which
delivers them to the ration packing station.
Here
another nine machines, using videos cameras to recognise the right
items, p
ack them into ration boxes in just 2.5 seconds. The 13 robots stack
the rati
on boxes on to a pallet for delivery to the barracks. Five different
menus c
an be put on one pallet to match a barracks' order.
David Marshall, responsi
ble for customer training at ABB Robotics in Milton
Keynes, fervently hopes
that the food, drinks and confectionery industry -
including even army ratio
ns - will become the next big market for robots.
'The whole robot industry h
as depended on the automotive industry since day
one. Look at the figures -
80 per cent of the world market for robots is in
the automotive and automoti
ve supply industry. We are looking to the food
industry to perform as well a
s the automotive industry.'
The reason for his optimism is that industrial r
obots have become more
attractive to the food industry for packing and handl
ing, particularly in
the light of new health and safety regulations restrict
ing the weight of
loads that can be lifted manually.
They have become faster
, reliable, more accurate, and easier to incorporate
into a production line.
Better motor control software has allowed ABB, for
example, to squeeze 25 p
er cent more performance out of the same robot.
Robots are also simpler to p
rogram, operate and maintain. And they can lift
bigger loads. They can also
be washed down with a hosepipe. And prices are
coming down to a level where
paybacks are acceptable to the food industry.
'The food, drink and confectio
nery industry is surviving on low-cost female
labour. Despite their flexibil
ity, using people to pack those army rations
would have been a nightmare,' s
ays Marshall. Also, the industry is looking
to cut costs. Although robots ar
e flexible and reliable, so far they have
been too slow and too expensive, s
ays Marshall.
But what is good for the food and drinks makers is good for ma
nufacturing
industry. Mike Wilson, marketing manager at Fanuc Robotics in Co
ventry, says
of the improvements in robot performance: 'Our new ARC Mate wel
ding robot,
for example, is 30 per cent cheaper in real terms than a similar
model three
years ago. And it is 20 per cent faster. A spot welding robot c
an now do one
spot weld every 1.5 seconds.' Ten years ago, says Wilson, it w
ould have
taken three.
Some of the gain has come from the improved mechanica
l performance of robots
-faster acceleration and deceleration and better ov
ershoot behaviour. And
some has come from better integration of the robot in
to the process, says
Wilson. 'The spot welding gun will begin to close befor
e it gets to the
weld, for instance.' The load capacity and accuracy of robo
ts has come on in
leaps and bounds, too. 'The biggest robot we do carries 30
0kg. That was
unheard of 10 years ago for an electric robot,' says Wilson.
R
eliability has also greatly improved, he says. An example is the arc
welding
robot. Weld wires occasionally get stuck in the solidified weld pool
at the
end of a weld. A few years ago, as the robot moved away it would rip
the we
lding torch off the arm. Today, says Wilson, 'wire-stick' sensors
prevent th
is and automatically send a pulse of current down the wire to burn
it free.
A similar example of improved capability is 'scratch start'. If a bead of
si
lica from the flux gets left on the end of the welding wire, it will not
str
ike an arc and has to be snipped off manually. Today's robot will sense
this
and scratch the tip of the wire along the component to rub the bead
off. It
will then go back to the correct place on the weld and start
welding.
Overa
ll, says Wilson, the cost-to-performance ratio of robots today is
considerab
ly better than a few years ago. Most people now buy a robot
'package' which
includes some process engineering expertise and an
application software pack
age. 'This avoids a lot of programming and makes
them quicker to install and
easier to operate.'
When Vauxhall bought 120 Fanuc welding robots for its n
ew Astra line at the
Ellesmere Port plant a couple of years ago, it handed t
hem on to six
companies building the welding lines. 'We designed a software
package for
Vauxhall that would interface the robots with all the hardware a
nd provide
an operator interface. That forced all the line builders to use t
he robots
in the same way. It made maintenance a lot simpler and saved money
. We only
had to write the software once and copy it six times. Each line bu
ilder
would have had to develop their own.'
Yet despite the advances in robo
t technology, Britain has one of the
smallest robot populations of all the i
ndustrialised nations, around 7,600,
compared with Germany's 39,000 and Japa
n's staggering 350,000.
Even the former USSR has more robots per employee in
manufacturing industry
than Britain. The problem is the 18 month to two yea
r paybacks demanded in
Britain, says Wilson, compared with as long as five y
ears in Japan. 'It is
very difficult to justify any capital expenditure on a
n 18 month payback.'
John Dunn is deputy editor of The Engineer
Countries:-
GBZ United Kingdom, EC.
Industries:-
P3569 General Industrial Machinery, NEC.
P3556 Food Products Machi
nery.
Types:-
TECH Products & Product use.
CMMT C
omment & Analysis.
The Financial Times
London Page
IV
============= Transaction # 65 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 66 ==============================================
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_AN-ECYC5AHGFT
9403
25
FT 25 MAR 94 / Ingenuity - The FT Engineering Review
(2): Untouched by human hands - Intelligent machines are a familiar sight on
motor production lines. Now they are expected to turn their 'hands' to the
high-speed packing of food and drink / Robots
By JOH
N DUNN
A PLATOON of raw recruits drafted in to the French a
rmy to pack combat
rations are having to look lively. Up to 10 different men
us are needed each
month.
Each ration consists of 18 items ranging from a pa
ck of biscuits and a tin
of meat to purification tablets and a miniature sto
ve. In order to keep the
fighting troops fed, the new recruits have to pack
rations at the rate of 24
a minute.
The luckless legionnaires are 13 industr
ial robots, part of a FFr25m
automated packaging and palletising line built
for the army by ABB Robotics.
Three robots unload boxes of goodies from pall
ets on to a conveyor which
delivers them to the ration packing station.
Here
another nine machines, using videos cameras to recognise the right
items, p
ack them into ration boxes in just 2.5 seconds. The 13 robots stack
the rati
on boxes on to a pallet for delivery to the barracks. Five different
menus c
an be put on one pallet to match a barracks' order.
David Marshall, responsi
ble for customer training at ABB Robotics in Milton
Keynes, fervently hopes
that the food, drinks and confectionery industry -
including even army ratio
ns - will become the next big market for robots.
'The whole robot industry h
as depended on the automotive industry since day
one. Look at the figures -
80 per cent of the world market for robots is in
the automotive and automoti
ve supply industry. We are looking to the food
industry to perform as well a
s the automotive industry.'
The reason for his optimism is that industrial r
obots have become more
attractive to the food industry for packing and handl
ing, particularly in
the light of new health and safety regulations restrict
ing the weight of
loads that can be lifted manually.
They have become faster
, reliable, more accurate, and easier to incorporate
into a production line.
Better motor control software has allowed ABB, for
example, to squeeze 25 p
er cent more performance out of the same robot.
Robots are also simpler to p
rogram, operate and maintain. And they can lift
bigger loads. They can also
be washed down with a hosepipe. And prices are
coming down to a level where
paybacks are acceptable to the food industry.
'The food, drink and confectio
nery industry is surviving on low-cost female
labour. Despite their flexibil
ity, using people to pack those army rations
would have been a nightmare,' s
ays Marshall. Also, the industry is looking
to cut costs. Although robots ar
e flexible and reliable, so far they have
been too slow and too expensive, s
ays Marshall.
But what is good for the food and drinks makers is good for ma
nufacturing
industry. Mike Wilson, marketing manager at Fanuc Robotics in Co
ventry, says
of the improvements in robot performance: 'Our new ARC Mate wel
ding robot,
for example, is 30 per cent cheaper in real terms than a similar
model three
years ago. And it is 20 per cent faster. A spot welding robot c
an now do one
spot weld every 1.5 seconds.' Ten years ago, says Wilson, it w
ould have
taken three.
Some of the gain has come from the improved mechanica
l performance of robots
-faster acceleration and deceleration and better ov
ershoot behaviour. And
some has come from better integration of the robot in
to the process, says
Wilson. 'The spot welding gun will begin to close befor
e it gets to the
weld, for instance.' The load capacity and accuracy of robo
ts has come on in
leaps and bounds, too. 'The biggest robot we do carries 30
0kg. That was
unheard of 10 years ago for an electric robot,' says Wilson.
R
eliability has also greatly improved, he says. An example is the arc
welding
robot. Weld wires occasionally get stuck in the solidified weld pool
at the
end of a weld. A few years ago, as the robot moved away it would rip
the we
lding torch off the arm. Today, says Wilson, 'wire-stick' sensors
prevent th
is and automatically send a pulse of current down the wire to burn
it free.
A similar example of improved capability is 'scratch start'. If a bead of
si
lica from the flux gets left on the end of the welding wire, it will not
str
ike an arc and has to be snipped off manually. Today's robot will sense
this
and scratch the tip of the wire along the component to rub the bead
off. It
will then go back to the correct place on the weld and start
welding.
Overa
ll, says Wilson, the cost-to-performance ratio of robots today is
considerab
ly better than a few years ago. Most people now buy a robot
'package' which
includes some process engineering expertise and an
application software pack
age. 'This avoids a lot of programming and makes
them quicker to install and
easier to operate.'
When Vauxhall bought 120 Fanuc welding robots for its n
ew Astra line at the
Ellesmere Port plant a couple of years ago, it handed t
hem on to six
companies building the welding lines. 'We designed a software
package for
Vauxhall that would interface the robots with all the hardware a
nd provide
an operator interface. That forced all the line builders to use t
he robots
in the same way. It made maintenance a lot simpler and saved money
. We only
had to write the software once and copy it six times. Each line bu
ilder
would have had to develop their own.'
Yet despite the advances in robo
t technology, Britain has one of the
smallest robot populations of all the i
ndustrialised nations, around 7,600,
compared with Germany's 39,000 and Japa
n's staggering 350,000.
Even the former USSR has more robots per employee in
manufacturing industry
than Britain. The problem is the 18 month to two yea
r paybacks demanded in
Britain, says Wilson, compared with as long as five y
ears in Japan. 'It is
very difficult to justify any capital expenditure on a
n 18 month payback.'
John Dunn is deputy editor of The Engineer
Countries:-
GBZ United Kingdom, EC.
Industries:-
P3569 General Industrial Machinery, NEC.
P3556 Food Products Machi
nery.
Types:-
TECH Products & Product use.
CMMT C
omment & Analysis.
The Financial Times
London Page
IV
============= Transaction # 67 ==============================================
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9403
25
FT 25 MAR 94 / Ingenuity - The FT Engineering Review
(2): Untouched by human hands - Intelligent machines are a familiar sight on
motor production lines. Now they are expected to turn their 'hands' to the
high-speed packing of food and drink / Robots
By JOH
N DUNN
A PLATOON of raw recruits drafted in to the French a
rmy to pack combat
rations are having to look lively. Up to 10 different men
us are needed each
month.
Each ration consists of 18 items ranging from a pa
ck of biscuits and a tin
of meat to purification tablets and a miniature sto
ve. In order to keep the
fighting troops fed, the new recruits have to pack
rations at the rate of 24
a minute.
The luckless legionnaires are 13 industr
ial robots, part of a FFr25m
automated packaging and palletising line built
for the army by ABB Robotics.
Three robots unload boxes of goodies from pall
ets on to a conveyor which
delivers them to the ration packing station.
Here
another nine machines, using videos cameras to recognise the right
items, p
ack them into ration boxes in just 2.5 seconds. The 13 robots stack
the rati
on boxes on to a pallet for delivery to the barracks. Five different
menus c
an be put on one pallet to match a barracks' order.
David Marshall, responsi
ble for customer training at ABB Robotics in Milton
Keynes, fervently hopes
that the food, drinks and confectionery industry -
including even army ratio
ns - will become the next big market for robots.
'The whole robot industry h
as depended on the automotive industry since day
one. Look at the figures -
80 per cent of the world market for robots is in
the automotive and automoti
ve supply industry. We are looking to the food
industry to perform as well a
s the automotive industry.'
The reason for his optimism is that industrial r
obots have become more
attractive to the food industry for packing and handl
ing, particularly in
the light of new health and safety regulations restrict
ing the weight of
loads that can be lifted manually.
They have become faster
, reliable, more accurate, and easier to incorporate
into a production line.
Better motor control software has allowed ABB, for
example, to squeeze 25 p
er cent more performance out of the same robot.
Robots are also simpler to p
rogram, operate and maintain. And they can lift
bigger loads. They can also
be washed down with a hosepipe. And prices are
coming down to a level where
paybacks are acceptable to the food industry.
'The food, drink and confectio
nery industry is surviving on low-cost female
labour. Despite their flexibil
ity, using people to pack those army rations
would have been a nightmare,' s
ays Marshall. Also, the industry is looking
to cut costs. Although robots ar
e flexible and reliable, so far they have
been too slow and too expensive, s
ays Marshall.
But what is good for the food and drinks makers is good for ma
nufacturing
industry. Mike Wilson, marketing manager at Fanuc Robotics in Co
ventry, says
of the improvements in robot performance: 'Our new ARC Mate wel
ding robot,
for example, is 30 per cent cheaper in real terms than a similar
model three
years ago. And it is 20 per cent faster. A spot welding robot c
an now do one
spot weld every 1.5 seconds.' Ten years ago, says Wilson, it w
ould have
taken three.
Some of the gain has come from the improved mechanica
l performance of robots
-faster acceleration and deceleration and better ov
ershoot behaviour. And
some has come from better integration of the robot in
to the process, says
Wilson. 'The spot welding gun will begin to close befor
e it gets to the
weld, for instance.' The load capacity and accuracy of robo
ts has come on in
leaps and bounds, too. 'The biggest robot we do carries 30
0kg. That was
unheard of 10 years ago for an electric robot,' says Wilson.
R
eliability has also greatly improved, he says. An example is the arc
welding
robot. Weld wires occasionally get stuck in the solidified weld pool
at the
end of a weld. A few years ago, as the robot moved away it would rip
the we
lding torch off the arm. Today, says Wilson, 'wire-stick' sensors
prevent th
is and automatically send a pulse of current down the wire to burn
it free.
A similar example of improved capability is 'scratch start'. If a bead of
si
lica from the flux gets left on the end of the welding wire, it will not
str
ike an arc and has to be snipped off manually. Today's robot will sense
this
and scratch the tip of the wire along the component to rub the bead
off. It
will then go back to the correct place on the weld and start
welding.
Overa
ll, says Wilson, the cost-to-performance ratio of robots today is
considerab
ly better than a few years ago. Most people now buy a robot
'package' which
includes some process engineering expertise and an
application software pack
age. 'This avoids a lot of programming and makes
them quicker to install and
easier to operate.'
When Vauxhall bought 120 Fanuc welding robots for its n
ew Astra line at the
Ellesmere Port plant a couple of years ago, it handed t
hem on to six
companies building the welding lines. 'We designed a software
package for
Vauxhall that would interface the robots with all the hardware a
nd provide
an operator interface. That forced all the line builders to use t
he robots
in the same way. It made maintenance a lot simpler and saved money
. We only
had to write the software once and copy it six times. Each line bu
ilder
would have had to develop their own.'
Yet despite the advances in robo
t technology, Britain has one of the
smallest robot populations of all the i
ndustrialised nations, around 7,600,
compared with Germany's 39,000 and Japa
n's staggering 350,000.
Even the former USSR has more robots per employee in
manufacturing industry
than Britain. The problem is the 18 month to two yea
r paybacks demanded in
Britain, says Wilson, compared with as long as five y
ears in Japan. 'It is
very difficult to justify any capital expenditure on a
n 18 month payback.'
John Dunn is deputy editor of The Engineer
Countries:-
GBZ United Kingdom, EC.
Industries:-
P3569 General Industrial Machinery, NEC.
P3556 Food Products Machi
nery.
Types:-
TECH Products & Product use.
CMMT C
omment & Analysis.
The Financial Times
London Page
IV
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FT911-129
_AN-BENBQAC6FT
91051
4
FT 14 MAY 91 / Survey of Computers in Manufacturing (1
1): Search for new applications - Robotics, still on the fringe of the indus
trial sector
By ANDREW BAXTER
FOR a
ll the hype over the past 20 years about how robots would transform
manufact
uring industry, they still remain on the fringes of the industrial
scene - w
ith the notable exception of manufacturing in Japan.
According to the United
Nations Economic Commission for Europe, the world
industrial robot populati
on stood at 388,000 units at the end of 1989, of
which 220,000 were in Japan
, 56,000 in western Europe, 37,000 in the US and
-very roughly - 75,000 els
ewhere.
There are a number of interconnected reasons for this situation. In
the
past, there has been considerable hostility from trade unions to their
i
ntroduction and managements have taken a lot of convincing about the cost
be
nefits.
Dr Kevin Clarke, manager of manufacturing engineering at PA Consulti
ng
Group, says that, in many instances, robots have not delivered the cost
e
ffectiveness they have promised. Robot manufacturers, he says, have not
deve
loped their products technologically as fast as they might have.
'There's ve
ry little innovation, because the market isn't there,' he says.
However, the
evidence of the past two years suggests that things may be
changing. Those
388,000 units represented an increase of 20 per cent from
the end of 1988, a
nd in 1990 US-based robotics companies won record new
orders of Dollars 517.
4m.
The robotics industry was in deep gloom during 1986 and 1987, and especi
ally
in the US where it had become far too dependent on the motor industry -
which took about 40 to 50 per cent of sales.
Mr Donald Vincent, executive v
ice-president of the US Robotic Industries
Association, recalls that 'when t
he automotive industry quit buying in 1986
and 1987, it sent robotics into a
deep spin.'
This decline had two results. First, it encouraged a much-neede
d
concentration among robot producers. In the middle of the 1980s there were
some 300, according to the International Federation of Robotics (IFR). Now,
it says, there are probably fewer than 100 true producers, led by ABB
Robot
ics, part of the Swiss-Swedish Asea Brown Boveri, GMF Robotics, a joint
vent
ure between Fanuc of Japan and General Motors of the US, and Yaskawa of
Japa
n.
Secondly, the downturn prompted an urgent search for new applications for
robots away from the motor industry and its inherent cyclicality. Dr Clarke
singles out 'clean room' applications for robots in health care and
precisi
on engineering, while Mr Vincent is hopeful of new applications in
the food
industry, materials handling and packaging.
The wellspring for this diversif
ication into new markets, which has already
begun, is computer power. In mec
hanical terms, robots are relatively simple
beasts, and robotic technology h
as always been based on the use of computers
to overcome mechanical limitati
ons.
Mr Kenneth Waldron, a robotics expert at Ohio State University, says 't
he
major theme which will direct commercial applications of new research in
robotics will be that of taking advantage of the huge increases in computing
power which have become available as a result of the development of advance
d
microprocessors.'
Mr Waldron notes that most current industrial robot syst
ems offer only
incremental improvements over what was possible with the firs
t generation of
microcomputer controllers.
Current research is looking at ar
eas such as greater use of sensing - of the
robot's environment and internal
state - more sophisticated control
techniques offering greater speed and ac
curacy, robotic mobility and
improved control of the interface between the r
obot and the workpiece.
Given these trends, there has inevitably been consid
erable interest in
industrial vision systems for robots, which could radical
ly change many
applications, particularly in assembly where robots have so f
ar failed to
make their mark.
Previous forecasts for the population of visio
n-equipped robots have not
been realised, but it is reasonable to predict, a
s the IFR has, that the
continuous reduction in prices of computers and sens
ors, and their greater
speed and reliability, will gradually remove the tech
nological and economic
barriers.
Many of the business trends in robotics ove
r the past few years are
illustrated by developments at ABB Robotics, which
claims to be the world's
biggest supplier - a title which the Japanese manuf
acturers might dispute.
ABB's purchase last year of Cincinnati Milacron's ro
botics business was an
important step in the consolidation of the industry a
round leading European
and Japanese suppliers. Mr Stelio Demark, head of ABB
Robotics, says the
Cincinnati business brought with it a tremendous US cust
omer base and
undoubted expertise in spot-welding robotics.
The nature of AB
B's customer base has also been changing, and over the past
five years it ha
s reduced its dependence on the automotive industry from
70-75 per cent of s
ales to 50 per cent. ABB is attracting new business from
small and medium-si
zed companies which had previously not bought robots. 'We
may be supplying o
nes and twos, but it's growing very quickly,' says Mr
Demark.
New markets in
clude glass making, different kinds of process applications,
and palletising
. This effort is backed up by spending on research and
development - 10 per
cent of revenues - that is almost on a par with that of
the pharmaceutical i
ndustry.
Meanwhile the falling cost of electronics is allowing ABB to build
more
capability and flexibility into its robots. ABB's latest product, the I
RB
6000, was officially launched last month with claims of much greater
flex
ibility and capability than rival products.
Because of these developments, M
r Demark is optimistic about future growth
prospects for ABB and the industr
y. The view is shared by independent
observers.
In a report about to be publ
ished by Frost & Sullivan, the international
market research publishers, tot
al world robot sales are forecast to rise
from Dollars 2.15bn in 1990 to Dol
lars 3.41bn in 1996. The relatively small
size of the industry at the end of
the 1980s is a reflection of many of the
factors mentioned above.
F & S see
s the Japanese market's share of world robot sales falling from 65
per cent
last year to 45 per cent in 1996, while Europe's share will rise
from 15 to
20 per cent, the US will mark time at about 6 per cent and the
rest of the w
orld will jump from 14 per cent to just under 30 per cent.
The biggest growt
h area is Asia, which is good news for the Japanese
producers, but Europe, s
ays Mr Demark, is also 'very interesting,' and the
company's home base. F &
S sees the European market rising from Dollars 330m
in 1990 to Dollars 687m
in 1996, with Germany leading the way.
Looking specifically at the European
market, F & S comments that the
'supplier capable of marketing a complete pa
ckage including sensors,
user-friendly software and simple training and inst
allation will achieve the
best sales penetration.'
ABB is probably justified
in claiming that it offers more service and
support to European buyers than
the more product-based approach of the
Japanese, but Dr Clarke wonders whet
her this will still be true in two
years' time. On the other hand Europe, he
says, is probably not one of the
Japanese producers' priorities, given the
better growth prospects in the
Asia Pacific region.
As for the balance of po
wer in the industry, both ABB and the Japanese are
growing stronger, the big
producers are getting bigger, and the smaller
robotics companies, particula
rly in the US and UK, are concentrating on
niches and ancillary services.
If
the big producers can keep up with development in computing, the 1990s
coul
d well bring the rewards that proved so elusive for much fo the 1980s.
The Financial Times
London Page VI Photograph (Omitted
). Photograph ABB robot IRB6000 in a spot welding application (left). Demark
(right): important consolidations (Omitted).
============= Transaction # 78 ==============================================
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FT911-129
_AN-BENBQAC6FT
91051
4
FT 14 MAY 91 / Survey of Computers in Manufacturing (1
1): Search for new applications - Robotics, still on the fringe of the indus
trial sector
By ANDREW BAXTER
FOR a
ll the hype over the past 20 years about how robots would transform
manufact
uring industry, they still remain on the fringes of the industrial
scene - w
ith the notable exception of manufacturing in Japan.
According to the United
Nations Economic Commission for Europe, the world
industrial robot populati
on stood at 388,000 units at the end of 1989, of
which 220,000 were in Japan
, 56,000 in western Europe, 37,000 in the US and
-very roughly - 75,000 els
ewhere.
There are a number of interconnected reasons for this situation. In
the
past, there has been considerable hostility from trade unions to their
i
ntroduction and managements have taken a lot of convincing about the cost
be
nefits.
Dr Kevin Clarke, manager of manufacturing engineering at PA Consulti
ng
Group, says that, in many instances, robots have not delivered the cost
e
ffectiveness they have promised. Robot manufacturers, he says, have not
deve
loped their products technologically as fast as they might have.
'There's ve
ry little innovation, because the market isn't there,' he says.
However, the
evidence of the past two years suggests that things may be
changing. Those
388,000 units represented an increase of 20 per cent from
the end of 1988, a
nd in 1990 US-based robotics companies won record new
orders of Dollars 517.
4m.
The robotics industry was in deep gloom during 1986 and 1987, and especi
ally
in the US where it had become far too dependent on the motor industry -
which took about 40 to 50 per cent of sales.
Mr Donald Vincent, executive v
ice-president of the US Robotic Industries
Association, recalls that 'when t
he automotive industry quit buying in 1986
and 1987, it sent robotics into a
deep spin.'
This decline had two results. First, it encouraged a much-neede
d
concentration among robot producers. In the middle of the 1980s there were
some 300, according to the International Federation of Robotics (IFR). Now,
it says, there are probably fewer than 100 true producers, led by ABB
Robot
ics, part of the Swiss-Swedish Asea Brown Boveri, GMF Robotics, a joint
vent
ure between Fanuc of Japan and General Motors of the US, and Yaskawa of
Japa
n.
Secondly, the downturn prompted an urgent search for new applications for
robots away from the motor industry and its inherent cyclicality. Dr Clarke
singles out 'clean room' applications for robots in health care and
precisi
on engineering, while Mr Vincent is hopeful of new applications in
the food
industry, materials handling and packaging.
The wellspring for this diversif
ication into new markets, which has already
begun, is computer power. In mec
hanical terms, robots are relatively simple
beasts, and robotic technology h
as always been based on the use of computers
to overcome mechanical limitati
ons.
Mr Kenneth Waldron, a robotics expert at Ohio State University, says 't
he
major theme which will direct commercial applications of new research in
robotics will be that of taking advantage of the huge increases in computing
power which have become available as a result of the development of advance
d
microprocessors.'
Mr Waldron notes that most current industrial robot syst
ems offer only
incremental improvements over what was possible with the firs
t generation of
microcomputer controllers.
Current research is looking at ar
eas such as greater use of sensing - of the
robot's environment and internal
state - more sophisticated control
techniques offering greater speed and ac
curacy, robotic mobility and
improved control of the interface between the r
obot and the workpiece.
Given these trends, there has inevitably been consid
erable interest in
industrial vision systems for robots, which could radical
ly change many
applications, particularly in assembly where robots have so f
ar failed to
make their mark.
Previous forecasts for the population of visio
n-equipped robots have not
been realised, but it is reasonable to predict, a
s the IFR has, that the
continuous reduction in prices of computers and sens
ors, and their greater
speed and reliability, will gradually remove the tech
nological and economic
barriers.
Many of the business trends in robotics ove
r the past few years are
illustrated by developments at ABB Robotics, which
claims to be the world's
biggest supplier - a title which the Japanese manuf
acturers might dispute.
ABB's purchase last year of Cincinnati Milacron's ro
botics business was an
important step in the consolidation of the industry a
round leading European
and Japanese suppliers. Mr Stelio Demark, head of ABB
Robotics, says the
Cincinnati business brought with it a tremendous US cust
omer base and
undoubted expertise in spot-welding robotics.
The nature of AB
B's customer base has also been changing, and over the past
five years it ha
s reduced its dependence on the automotive industry from
70-75 per cent of s
ales to 50 per cent. ABB is attracting new business from
small and medium-si
zed companies which had previously not bought robots. 'We
may be supplying o
nes and twos, but it's growing very quickly,' says Mr
Demark.
New markets in
clude glass making, different kinds of process applications,
and palletising
. This effort is backed up by spending on research and
development - 10 per
cent of revenues - that is almost on a par with that of
the pharmaceutical i
ndustry.
Meanwhile the falling cost of electronics is allowing ABB to build
more
capability and flexibility into its robots. ABB's latest product, the I
RB
6000, was officially launched last month with claims of much greater
flex
ibility and capability than rival products.
Because of these developments, M
r Demark is optimistic about future growth
prospects for ABB and the industr
y. The view is shared by independent
observers.
In a report about to be publ
ished by Frost & Sullivan, the international
market research publishers, tot
al world robot sales are forecast to rise
from Dollars 2.15bn in 1990 to Dol
lars 3.41bn in 1996. The relatively small
size of the industry at the end of
the 1980s is a reflection of many of the
factors mentioned above.
F & S see
s the Japanese market's share of world robot sales falling from 65
per cent
last year to 45 per cent in 1996, while Europe's share will rise
from 15 to
20 per cent, the US will mark time at about 6 per cent and the
rest of the w
orld will jump from 14 per cent to just under 30 per cent.
The biggest growt
h area is Asia, which is good news for the Japanese
producers, but Europe, s
ays Mr Demark, is also 'very interesting,' and the
company's home base. F &
S sees the European market rising from Dollars 330m
in 1990 to Dollars 687m
in 1996, with Germany leading the way.
Looking specifically at the European
market, F & S comments that the
'supplier capable of marketing a complete pa
ckage including sensors,
user-friendly software and simple training and inst
allation will achieve the
best sales penetration.'
ABB is probably justified
in claiming that it offers more service and
support to European buyers than
the more product-based approach of the
Japanese, but Dr Clarke wonders whet
her this will still be true in two
years' time. On the other hand Europe, he
says, is probably not one of the
Japanese producers' priorities, given the
better growth prospects in the
Asia Pacific region.
As for the balance of po
wer in the industry, both ABB and the Japanese are
growing stronger, the big
producers are getting bigger, and the smaller
robotics companies, particula
rly in the US and UK, are concentrating on
niches and ancillary services.
If
the big producers can keep up with development in computing, the 1990s
coul
d well bring the rewards that proved so elusive for much fo the 1980s.
The Financial Times
London Page VI Photograph (Omitted
). Photograph ABB robot IRB6000 in a spot welding application (left). Demark
(right): important consolidations (Omitted).
============= Transaction # 79 ==============================================
Transaction #: 79 Transaction Code: 15 (Terms Cleared)
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============= Transaction # 80 ==============================================
Transaction #: 80 Transaction Code: 6 (Direct Rank Search)
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============= Transaction # 81 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 82 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 83 ==============================================
Transaction #: 83 Transaction Code: 19 (Record Selected)
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FT932-5326
_AN-DFDB5ACDFT
9306
04
FT 04 JUN 93 / Storing up long-term doubts: Why it is
so hard to put a price on decommissioning
By BRONWE
N MADDOX
THE estimate that it will cost Pounds 18bn to dism
antle Britain's civil
nuclear facilities begs one main question: the ultimat
e destination of the
radioactive waste.
Environmentalists are criticising th
e NAO report on decommissioning, which
is published today, for the 'absurdit
y' of projecting the costs of
decommissioning when the method and timing are
still unclear.
Mr Simon Roberts of Friends of the Earth, the pressure group
, said: 'With no
nuclear waste disposal facility in place and no detailed ca
se for safe
decommissioning presented to regulators, Pounds 18bn is definite
ly an
opening bid for the cost of the nuclear legacy.'
The NAO said yesterda
y: 'We took the industry's figures for decommissioning
costs - we did not re
calculate them - but we have pointed out all the
uncertainties.'
Nuclear fac
ilities generally have a life of several decades, and the process
of dismant
ling them begins immediately they are closed. The cost of
decommissioning is
high because of the need to shield workers from
radioactivity, which requir
es remote-control machinery, and the need to
store the radioactive waste saf
ely, sometimes for centuries, until
radioactivity levels have fallen.
Howeve
r, the timescale makes the costs difficult to project. On present
plans, dec
ommissioning would carry on for at least 100 years after a plant
was closed.
As the NAO points out: 'No large-scale reactor has yet been
fully decommiss
ioned, either in this country or elsewhere.'
The office argued yesterday tha
t the uncertainty of the final destination of
the waste did not undermine th
e industry figures because the cost of storage
makes up a third or less of t
he total figure.
However the nuclear companies have made two controversial a
ssumptions about
future storage: that an underground repository will be buil
t below
Sellafield in Cumbria for medium-level waste, and that British Nucle
ar
Fuels' Thorp reprocessing plant for high-level waste at Sellafield will g
et
the go-ahead.
Low-level waste, such as staff's contaminated overshoes and
clothing, will
continue to go to British Nuclear Fuels' present storage at
Sellafield, they
assume.
The assumptions are controversial because plans for
the proposed Nirex store
below the ground at Sellafield have stalled and it
s costs are unknown. The
government's Radioactive Waste Management Advisory
Committee warned in its
annual report last month that the timetable for open
ing this store was
'unrealistic' and that it might be difficult to get 'uneq
uivocal evidence'
that the geological conditions were suitable.
The report a
lso leaves open the thorny question of the timing of
decommissioning. The NA
O has assumed that reactors would be razed to
greenfield sites within 100 ye
ars and fuel treatment plants within 50 years.
But the industry wants to spr
ead the costs over at least 135 years. That
would need an extra step - build
ing a concrete shell around a decommissioned
plant while waiting for radioac
tivity levels to fall.
The total costs would be higher, but when discounted
to allow for the fact
that the money would not be spent for years, the sum i
n today's money would
be lower. On industry estimates, the delay could reduc
e the cost of
decommissioning a Magnox reactor from Pounds 500m to Pounds 30
0m in today's
money values.
Observer, Page 19
Companies:-
British Nuclear Fuels.
Countries:-
GBZ United Kin
gdom, EC.
Industries:-
P4953 Refuse Systems.
P4911
Electric Services.
P2819 Industrial Inorganic Chemicals, NEC.
Types:-
RES Pollution.
COSTS Service costs & Service prices
.
The Financial Times
London Page 12
============= Transaction # 84 ==============================================
Transaction #: 84 Transaction Code: 38 (Record Deselected)
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FT932-5326
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9306
04
FT 04 JUN 93 / Storing up long-term doubts: Why it is
so hard to put a price on decommissioning
By BRONWE
N MADDOX
THE estimate that it will cost Pounds 18bn to dism
antle Britain's civil
nuclear facilities begs one main question: the ultimat
e destination of the
radioactive waste.
Environmentalists are criticising th
e NAO report on decommissioning, which
is published today, for the 'absurdit
y' of projecting the costs of
decommissioning when the method and timing are
still unclear.
Mr Simon Roberts of Friends of the Earth, the pressure group
, said: 'With no
nuclear waste disposal facility in place and no detailed ca
se for safe
decommissioning presented to regulators, Pounds 18bn is definite
ly an
opening bid for the cost of the nuclear legacy.'
The NAO said yesterda
y: 'We took the industry's figures for decommissioning
costs - we did not re
calculate them - but we have pointed out all the
uncertainties.'
Nuclear fac
ilities generally have a life of several decades, and the process
of dismant
ling them begins immediately they are closed. The cost of
decommissioning is
high because of the need to shield workers from
radioactivity, which requir
es remote-control machinery, and the need to
store the radioactive waste saf
ely, sometimes for centuries, until
radioactivity levels have fallen.
Howeve
r, the timescale makes the costs difficult to project. On present
plans, dec
ommissioning would carry on for at least 100 years after a plant
was closed.
As the NAO points out: 'No large-scale reactor has yet been
fully decommiss
ioned, either in this country or elsewhere.'
The office argued yesterday tha
t the uncertainty of the final destination of
the waste did not undermine th
e industry figures because the cost of storage
makes up a third or less of t
he total figure.
However the nuclear companies have made two controversial a
ssumptions about
future storage: that an underground repository will be buil
t below
Sellafield in Cumbria for medium-level waste, and that British Nucle
ar
Fuels' Thorp reprocessing plant for high-level waste at Sellafield will g
et
the go-ahead.
Low-level waste, such as staff's contaminated overshoes and
clothing, will
continue to go to British Nuclear Fuels' present storage at
Sellafield, they
assume.
The assumptions are controversial because plans for
the proposed Nirex store
below the ground at Sellafield have stalled and it
s costs are unknown. The
government's Radioactive Waste Management Advisory
Committee warned in its
annual report last month that the timetable for open
ing this store was
'unrealistic' and that it might be difficult to get 'uneq
uivocal evidence'
that the geological conditions were suitable.
The report a
lso leaves open the thorny question of the timing of
decommissioning. The NA
O has assumed that reactors would be razed to
greenfield sites within 100 ye
ars and fuel treatment plants within 50 years.
But the industry wants to spr
ead the costs over at least 135 years. That
would need an extra step - build
ing a concrete shell around a decommissioned
plant while waiting for radioac
tivity levels to fall.
The total costs would be higher, but when discounted
to allow for the fact
that the money would not be spent for years, the sum i
n today's money would
be lower. On industry estimates, the delay could reduc
e the cost of
decommissioning a Magnox reactor from Pounds 500m to Pounds 30
0m in today's
money values.
Observer, Page 19
Companies:-
British Nuclear Fuels.
Countries:-
GBZ United Kin
gdom, EC.
Industries:-
P4953 Refuse Systems.
P4911
Electric Services.
P2819 Industrial Inorganic Chemicals, NEC.
Types:-
RES Pollution.
COSTS Service costs & Service prices
.
The Financial Times
London Page 12
============= Transaction # 85 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 86 ==============================================
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FT942-8483
_AN-EETCSACPFT
9405
20
FT 20 MAY 94 / Waste probe 'may be controversial'
By BRONWEN MADDOX, Environment Correspondent
A review of the disposal of radioactive waste will run in parallel wi
th the
review of the nuclear power industry, the government said yesterday.
The 'separate but complementary' review will cover waste from hospitals and
research laboratories as well as from nuclear power stations.
Environmental
pressure groups welcomed the review yesterday, but warned that
it could prov
e as controversial as the government's conclusions on the
future of nuclear
power.
Environmental lobbying against nuclear plants has focused on the pres
ent
shortcomings of strategies for long-term disposal of waste.
Levels of ra
dioactivity in nuclear waste take decades - or sometimes
thousands of years
- to fall to levels not damaging to human beings. The
costs of handling and
disposing of the waste safely are a large part of the
nuclear industry's fin
ancial liabilities.
The waste review, which will be run by the Department of
the Environment,
will be the first wide-ranging examination of policy for a
decade.
But it will not look at the suitability of specific sites for waste
disposal. Mr John Gummer, environment secretary, said yesterday these
quest
ions were 'a matter for the planning and regulatory process'.
UK Nirex, the
nuclear industry's waste disposal company, which has been
given the task of
finding a suitable site for storing waste, has been
investigating whether a
chamber could be carved out of the rocks underneath
the Sellafield nuclear s
ite in Cumbria.
The store would contain only low-level and intermediate-leve
l waste.
Separate techniques would be needed for the highly radioactive fuel
extracted from reactor cores.
However, the government's Radioactive Waste M
anagement Advisory Committee
has warned repeatedly that Nirex's investigatio
ns are falling behind its
original timetable. According to the committee, th
e need for further
geological tests means it is unlikely the repository will
be ready before
2010, three years behind schedule, even if all concerns wer
e adequately
answered.
Mr Chris Smith, shadow environment secretary, said ye
sterday that the waste
review should have been carried out before the Thorp
reprocessing plant at
Sellafield was allowed to start operating.
The plant,
which will treat and separate used reactor fuel rods, will itself
eventually
need decommissioning, and so will produce additional waste,
environmentalis
ts have said. However, British Nuclear Fuels, Thorp's owner,
has argued that
reprocessing waste makes storage easier because it separates
waste into its
different constituents.
Greenpeace, the pressure group, said yesterday that
the radioactive waste
review was one of the most important parts of the gov
ernment's announcement.
'The nuclear industry is unable to deal with the was
te it has already
created, let alone the waste it will create in the future,
' it said.
The preliminary results of the investigation are due to be announ
ced in the
summer and are likely to feed into the nuclear power review.
Countries:-
GBZ United Kingdom, EC.
Industrie
s:-
P9511 Air, Water, and Solid Waste Management.
P4953 Refuse
Systems.
P4911 Electric Services.
P9611 Administration of General E
conomic Programs.
Types:-
RES Pollution.
RES Faci
lities.
TECH Safety & Standards.
GOVT Government News.
The Financial Times
London Page 10
============= Transaction # 87 ==============================================
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9406
22
FT 22 JUN 94 / Concern on nuclear waste dump 'leaks':
Advisers warn of dangers from water flows at Sellafield underground site
By BRONWEN MADDOX, Environment Correspondent
The UK's first underground nuclear waste dump might have to be stren
gthened
to prevent radiation leaks to the surface if it is built deep below
the
Cumbrian mountains, a government advisory committee warned yesterday.
Sc
ientific investigations into the flows of water in the rocks underneath
Sell
afield suggest that water may flow upwards through the proposed site,
accord
ing to the Radio-active Waste Management Advisory Committee.
Sir John Knill,
the committee's chairman, said that if further research
'demonstrated flows
to the surface it would put greater reliance on the
physical and chemical c
ontainment' of the radioactive waste to be buried.
The warnings, contained i
n the committee's 60-page annual report, published
yesterday, come as debate
grows over the options for disposing of the UK's
nuclear waste.
Next month
the government is due to publish a consultation paper on
radioactive waste d
isposal, in parallel with the review of the future of
nuclear power now unde
r way.
Mr Tom Curtin of Nirex UK, the nuclear industry company with the task
of
finding a site for the store, said yesterday that the past year's resear
ch
had left it 'more confident, not less' that Sellafield would eventually
p
rove suitable.
At present the UK's nuclear waste is stored above ground.
Sir
John said that within 'a small number of years, although not immediately
.
. . the storage issue will be critical'.
The underground site, which would h
old waste of low and intermediate levels
of radioactivity, would be sealed f
or tens of thousands of years until the
radioactivity had diminished to safe
levels.
High-level waste would continue to be stored on the surface where i
t could
be examined. Plans for the store have been politically and scientifi
cally
controversial, however, and Nirex has repeatedly extended its timescal
e.
The advisory committee said yesterday that Nirex's latest target of the y
ear
2010 for completion was the most realistic yet, but that it assumed
regu
lators did not want further tests.
Environmentalists are concerned that radi
oactivity will leak from the store
into the water table.
Friends of the Eart
h, the pressure group, which yesterday published its own
74-page report into
the proposed store, called on nuclear companies to
repackage waste so that
it could be stored for longer at its existing sites.
This, it says, would al
low more time to investigate the underground store.
RWMAC 14th annual report
. HMSO. Pounds 10.
Companies:-
UK Nirex.
C
ountries:-
GBZ United Kingdom, EC.
Industries:-
P9511 Air, Water, and Solid Waste Management.
Types:-
<
TP>FIN Annual report.
TECH Safety & Standards.
The Financia
l Times
London Page 10
============= Transaction # 88 ==============================================
Transaction #: 88 Transaction Code: 22 (Record(s) Saved)
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9306
04
FT 04 JUN 93 / Storing up long-term doubts: Why it is
so hard to put a price on decommissioning
By BRONWE
N MADDOX
THE estimate that it will cost Pounds 18bn to dism
antle Britain's civil
nuclear facilities begs one main question: the ultimat
e destination of the
radioactive waste.
Environmentalists are criticising th
e NAO report on decommissioning, which
is published today, for the 'absurdit
y' of projecting the costs of
decommissioning when the method and timing are
still unclear.
Mr Simon Roberts of Friends of the Earth, the pressure group
, said: 'With no
nuclear waste disposal facility in place and no detailed ca
se for safe
decommissioning presented to regulators, Pounds 18bn is definite
ly an
opening bid for the cost of the nuclear legacy.'
The NAO said yesterda
y: 'We took the industry's figures for decommissioning
costs - we did not re
calculate them - but we have pointed out all the
uncertainties.'
Nuclear fac
ilities generally have a life of several decades, and the process
of dismant
ling them begins immediately they are closed. The cost of
decommissioning is
high because of the need to shield workers from
radioactivity, which requir
es remote-control machinery, and the need to
store the radioactive waste saf
ely, sometimes for centuries, until
radioactivity levels have fallen.
Howeve
r, the timescale makes the costs difficult to project. On present
plans, dec
ommissioning would carry on for at least 100 years after a plant
was closed.
As the NAO points out: 'No large-scale reactor has yet been
fully decommiss
ioned, either in this country or elsewhere.'
The office argued yesterday tha
t the uncertainty of the final destination of
the waste did not undermine th
e industry figures because the cost of storage
makes up a third or less of t
he total figure.
However the nuclear companies have made two controversial a
ssumptions about
future storage: that an underground repository will be buil
t below
Sellafield in Cumbria for medium-level waste, and that British Nucle
ar
Fuels' Thorp reprocessing plant for high-level waste at Sellafield will g
et
the go-ahead.
Low-level waste, such as staff's contaminated overshoes and
clothing, will
continue to go to British Nuclear Fuels' present storage at
Sellafield, they
assume.
The assumptions are controversial because plans for
the proposed Nirex store
below the ground at Sellafield have stalled and it
s costs are unknown. The
government's Radioactive Waste Management Advisory
Committee warned in its
annual report last month that the timetable for open
ing this store was
'unrealistic' and that it might be difficult to get 'uneq
uivocal evidence'
that the geological conditions were suitable.
The report a
lso leaves open the thorny question of the timing of
decommissioning. The NA
O has assumed that reactors would be razed to
greenfield sites within 100 ye
ars and fuel treatment plants within 50 years.
But the industry wants to spr
ead the costs over at least 135 years. That
would need an extra step - build
ing a concrete shell around a decommissioned
plant while waiting for radioac
tivity levels to fall.
The total costs would be higher, but when discounted
to allow for the fact
that the money would not be spent for years, the sum i
n today's money would
be lower. On industry estimates, the delay could reduc
e the cost of
decommissioning a Magnox reactor from Pounds 500m to Pounds 30
0m in today's
money values.
Observer, Page 19
Companies:-
British Nuclear Fuels.
Countries:-
GBZ United Kin
gdom, EC.
Industries:-
P4953 Refuse Systems.
P4911
Electric Services.
P2819 Industrial Inorganic Chemicals, NEC.
Types:-
RES Pollution.
COSTS Service costs & Service prices
.
The Financial Times
London Page 12
============= Transaction # 89 ==============================================
Transaction #: 89 Transaction Code: 22 (Record(s) Saved)
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9411
21
FT 21 NOV 94 / Call to put nuclear waste on tips
By MICHAEL SMITH
The government should
force local authorities to accept low-level
radioactive waste on council rub
bish tips, says an influential advisory
body.
The Radioactive Waste Manageme
nt Advisory Committee says in a submission to
the government's review of rad
ioactive waste that it is highly
unsatisfactory that waste producers are for
ced to use Drigg, a repository at
Sellafield in Cumbria, because they are be
ing turned away by councils.
The committee says that Drigg is a national ass
et. Some of its capacity is
being filled by material that is 'suitable to go
elsewhere'.
Greenpeace, the environmental pressure group which published ex
tracts of the
committee's submission yesterday, said it was unacceptable tha
t an unelected
body wanted to ignore the safety fears of elected councils.
M
s Bridget Woodman of Greenpeace said: 'Even the smallest doses of radiation
can be fatal. Low-level nuclear waste can remain radioactive for thousands
o
f years, posing a threat to both ourselves and future generations.'
Under th
e 1990 Environmental Protection Act local authorities must be
'persuaded' ra
ther than directed to make landfill sites available for
low-level radioactiv
e waste. This reversed previous legislation which gave
the government enforc
ement powers.
The committee says there is little incentive for local authori
ties to be
persuaded to take radioactive waste because of opposition from pr
essure
groups and public fears.
The committee says: 'It is obviously unsatis
factory from the waste
producer's point of view to be pressurised to use Dri
gg, and therefore incur
higher costs, because suitable landfill facilities a
re not available
locally.
'The government need to ensure . . . landfill site
s are available for
appropriate low-level waste.'
It adds that the governmen
t should adopt powers to enable it to direct
councils and private landfill o
perators to accept 'appropriate' low-level
radioactive waste on refuse tips
and landfill sites.
The Department of the Environment said the committee's s
ubmission was one of
many which would be considered.
Countries:
-
GBZ United Kingdom, EC.
Industries:-
P4953
Refuse Systems.
P9511 Air, Water, and Solid Waste Management.
Types:-
RES Facilities.
The Financial Times
<
PAGE> London Page 10
============= Transaction # 90 ==============================================
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9105
02
FT 02 MAY 91 / Technology: Offshore haven for nuclear
waste
By DAVID GREEN
As plans for
an underground radioactive waste repository are drawn up in
Britain, enginee
rs in Sweden are preparing to build on the early success of
a similar projec
t.
Caverns have been created under the Baltic Sea at a capital cost of Pound
s
70m to provide a final resting place for much of the radioactive waste fro
m
the country's 12 nuclear power reactors.
The material going into the caver
ns off Forsmark, on Sweden's east coast,
about 80 miles north of Stockholm,
consists of waste which will be
dangerously radioactive for the relatively s
hort term, several hundreds of
years.
Most of it is low-level waste, such as
contaminated overalls and gloves but
some is intermediate-level waste, incl
uding sludges and resins.
SKB, the Swedish radioactive waste disposal compan
y, is planning to build a
much deeper repository for long-lived intermediate
-level and high-level
wastes which may remain dangerously radioactive for mi
llions of years.
A short list of sites is expected to be announced next year
and the facility
could be ready for use by the year 2020.
IS Nirex, SKB's e
quivalent in Britain, is currently boring into the rock
structures at Sellaf
ield, in Cumbria, and Dounreay, in Scotland, to check
the geology before the
announcement of a preferred site for its own deep
repository. However, it w
ill cater only for low and intermediate-level
wastes.
Under present proposal
s, all high-level waste will continue to be stored on
the surface at Sellafi
eld, where spent nuclear fuel is re-processed by
British Nuclear Fuels.
Near
by, in the village of Drigg, is British Nuclear Fuels' low-level waste
repos
itory, expected to be full by the middle of next century.
Sellafield is like
ly to be the preferred choice for Britain's deep
repository, although no for
mal announcement is due before October.
The Nirex idea is to sink a vertical
shaft about 700 metres deep and create
a series of caverns running from its
base and capable of holding 1.4m cubic
metres of waste.
It will cost an est
imated Pounds 800m to build and a further Pounds 1.6bn to
operate over 50 ye
ars.
In 1994 the UK Government is due to carry out a review of nuclear power
economics following its decision two years ago not to finance further
stati
ons after Sizewell B, in Suffolk.
Whether or not nuclear power is allowed to
expand, a large amount of
radioactive waste has already been created. Much
more will arise before the
existing stations reach the end of their lifetime
s and are dismantled.
A public inquiry into the Nirex plan for a deep reposi
tory is expected to
start in 1993 and last for a year.
In the meantime, the
company will continue its efforts to try to convince
the public that undergr
ound waste disposal is practical and safe.
Councillors from both Dounreay an
d Cumbria have been taken to Sweden to
inspect the Forsmark repository, whic
h is close to three nuclear power
reactors.
The repository is approached by
two tunnels, each one kilometre long, which
slope down through bedrock about
50 metres beneath the sea.
The waste from the rest of Sweden's nuclear plan
ts, all located on the
coast, is brought to Forsmark by ship. All waste arri
ving at the facility is
already packaged in concrete or steel. It is placed
in concrete vaults which
are surrounded by bentonite clay.
In its first thre
e years of operation, the repository has accumulated about
6,000 cubic metre
s of waste, one-tenth of its present capacity.
When it was opened it was tho
ught that additional cavern space would have to
be created in order to cater
for future operating waste.
However, engineers now believe the existing spa
ce will suffice, largely
because of new compaction techniques being used at
the power stations before
despatch of the waste to Forsmark.
New caverns and
an additional silo will be necessary to cope with the low
and intermediate-
level waste from the dismantling of the reactors at the end
of their operati
ng lifetimes.
SKB, which is owned by the four Swedish nuclear power utilitie
s, estimates
it will cost Pounds 5bn to de-commission the country's nuclear
power
stations and dispose of the radioactive waste involved. Operational an
d
de-commissioning waste is expected to total about 230,000 cubic metres.
Th
e Swedish parliament decided after a national referendum in 1980 to
phase-ou
t nuclear power by the year 2010. Three years ago it said plants
would begin
shutting down in 1995.
However, the start of the phase-out has now been pos
tponed because of the
difficulty in finding acceptable replacement sources o
f electricity.
Coal and oil have been ruled out because of the problems of g
lobal warming
and acid rain, while further hydro schemes have also run into
environmental
opposition.
The Financial Times
Lon
don Page 15
============= Transaction # 91 ==============================================
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FT934-8876
_AN-DKNANAALFT
9311
13
FT 13 NOV 93 / Five abstain from ban on N-waste
By DAVID LASCELLES, Resources Editor
A C
OMPLETE ban on dumping radioactive waste at sea was voted for by 37
countrie
s yesterday. Five further countries, including the UK, abstained
from the vo
te, but they have 100 days to consider their position.
The vote extends the
1972 London Convention on dumping at sea, which already
bans high and interm
ediate level radioactive waste, to include an indefinite
ban on low level wa
ste.
The vote was taken at the end of a week-long meeting held at the London
headquarters of the United Nations International Maritime Organisation.
Apa
rt from the UK, the abstainers were France, Belgium, China and Russia.
The U
K said scientific research showed controlled disposal of low and
intermediat
e radioactive waste at sea might in certain cases be the best
practicable op
tion, and had negligible impact on the environment. However it
stressed it h
ad no immediate plans to dispose of radioactive waste at sea.
Russia recentl
y admitted dumping radioactive waste and spent nuclear
reactors in the Sea o
f Japan and the Arctic, provoking an angry response
from Japan, South Korea
and the US. It said this week it would be prepared
to halt dumping at sea if
it received foreign assistance.
Countries:-
GBZ Uni
ted Kingdom, EC.
Industries:-
P9511 Air, Water, and Sol
id Waste Management.
Types:-
NEWS General News.
The Financial Times
London Page 2
============= Transaction # 92 ==============================================
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FT934-3373
_AN-DLIC6ACHFT
9312
09
FT 09 DEC 93 / Sellafield deaths put at 200 worldwide
By BRONWEN MADDOX, Environment Correspondent
About 200 people worldwide may die in the long term as a result o
f cancer
caused by radioactive discharges from Sellafield, a government nucl
ear
advisory committee has told the Department of the Environment.
The Radio
active Waste Management Advisory Committee says in a letter to
environment m
inister Mr Tim Yeo that the Thorp reprocessing plant, which is
waiting for a
licence to start operation, could be responsible for a fifth
of this total.
The letter, dated November 5, has been leaked to Greenpeace, the
environmen
tal pressure group.
The letter emphasises that the projection covers tens of
thousands of years,
and that individual deaths cannot be predicted. It says
the dose to the
world's population from the discharges is tiny - only 0.03
per cent of the
dose from background radiation.
The significance of the lett
er is that it partly supports Greenpeace's claim
that radioactive discharges
from Sellafield will cause deaths - but also
that it describes Greenpeace's
use of such statistics as 'misleading'.
Greenpeace's claim of an increase i
n deaths has been part of its campaign
against the Thorp plant.
A government
decision on whether to license the Pounds 2.8bn plant, which
has taken 10 y
ears to build, is expected imminently. The environment
department said yeste
rday: 'We asked RWMAC for their opinion and their views
will be taken into a
ccount.'
UK Nirex, the government's Nuclear Industry Radioactive Waste Execu
tive,
which has been given the task of finding a site to store nuclear waste
, said
yesterday that it would apply early next year for planning permission
for a
deep underground laboratory near Sellafield.
The laboratory would exp
lore whether a store could be built safely in the
rocks at that site.
Letter
s, Page 22
Companies:-
British Nuclear Fuels.
UK
Nirex.
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Industries:-
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P4953
Refuse Systems.
Types:-
NEWS General News.
RES Fa
cilities.
RES Pollution.
The Financial Times
L
ondon Page 10
============= Transaction # 93 ==============================================
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FT943-9990
_AN-EHHDNACUFT
9408
08
FT 08 AUG 94 / Leading Article: The nuclear waste pro
blem
The government's consultation paper on the disposal
of radioactive waste,
published last Friday, is central to the UK's review o
f nuclear policy for
two reasons. It addresses the issue of safety, which is
uppermost in the
public's mind; and it has a direct bearing on cost, which
must ultimately
determine whether nuclear power is commercially viable.
The
most pressing issue is the disposal of intermediate and low-level
radioactiv
e waste, such as bulky parts from first generation reactors and
nuclear subm
arines which are now coming to the end of their lives. By
contrast, high-lev
el waste, such as spent fuel rods, needs 50 years to cool
before it can be s
tored, making it a problem for the next century.
Until last year, it appeare
d that the UK planned to dump at least some waste
at sea. But it has now sig
ned an international treaty which includes a
10-year ban on sea dumping of r
adioactive waste. This leaves it with the
choice of burying the waste deep u
nderground, or storing it in some form on
the surface.
The UK's provisional
plans are to bury intermediate and low-level waste
permanently in sealed cha
mbers carved out of the rocks half a mile
underground. UK Nirex, the industr
y's waste disposal company, has been given
the task of finding a site, and i
s now running geological studies underneath
Sellafield, British Nuclear Fuel
s' plants in Cumbria.
Deep disposal has the backing of the nuclear industry,
the Department of
Trade and Industry, and a large section of the public. It
is cheaper than
surface storage because it needs minimal surveillance, and
is relatively
secure from risks such as terrorist attack. There is also a mo
ral argument
for opting now for deep disposal, in that many feel it would be
wrong to
leave the problem of waste disposal for future generations to answ
er.
Practical questions
As things stand, however, deep burial raises a numbe
r of practical and other
questions. The risk is mainly geological: radioacti
vity could leak into the
water table. If that happened, it would be extremel
y difficult to rectify.
These concerns apply particularly to the Sellafield
site where Nirex has
discovered rock fissures and complex water flows which
might cause
radioactivity to migrate.
Surface storage, by contrast, is more
expensive and possibly riskier, but it
does keep the waste where it can be c
losely monitored. So long as
uncertainty exists about the science of nuclear
waste disposal, it also
keeps options open. Many environmentalists argue th
at the permanent solution
of deep burial would deprive future generations of
using whatever superior
disposal methods science eventually comes up with.
Deep burial
The trouble is that this is an argument without end: the same di
lemma would
presumably prevent each succeeding generation from settling the
waste
problem. Decisions about the desirability of nuclear power, in which
a
ssumptions about the costs of waste disposal are an important part, cannot
b
e thus indefinitely postponed.
The government has made clear its preference
for deep burial on economic,
safety and moral grounds. There will always be
the suspicion, however, that
its position is shaped by short-term objectives
, particularly the desire to
reduce the nuclear industry's costs and improve
its chances of
privatisation. That would be patently wrong: if there was ev
er an issue
where safety should be paramount, it is this.
Scientific evaluat
ion rather than political pressure must determine the
choice of disposal met
hod. If minimising the impact on the environment and
the risk to human healt
h is the criterion, the best technique might well be
sea disposal: environme
ntal pessimists often understate the enormous
capacity of the deep oceans to
dilute pollution. But with that option now
closed, the onus is on the gover
nment to build the safest and most palatable
alternative method of disposal
into its nuclear review calculations.
There is no harm in persisting with in
vestigations into deep disposal,
provided it is recognised that it might tak
e years to find a safe site, if
one can be found at all. But for now, there
may be no alternative to keeping
nuclear waste above ground until more of th
e uncertainty is removed.
Countries:-
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gdom, EC.
Industries:-
P9511 Air, Water, and Solid Wast
e Management.
Types:-
CMMT Comment & Analysis.
TEC
H Safety & Standards.
The Financial Times
London P
age 13
============= Transaction # 94 ==============================================
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_AN-DLIC6ABZFT
9312
09
FT 09 DEC 93 / Sellafield cancer deaths put at 200 wo
rldwide
By BRONWEN MADDOX, Environment Correspondent
About 200 people worldwide may die in the long term as a r
esult of cancer
caused by radioactive discharges from Sellafield, a governme
nt nuclear
advisory committee has told the Department of the Environment.
Th
e Radioactive Waste Management Advisory Committee says in a letter to
enviro
nment minister Mr Tim Yeo that the Thorp reprocessing plant, which is
waitin
g for a licence to start operation, could be responsible for a fifth
of this
total. The letter, dated November 5, has been leaked to Greenpeace,
the env
ironmental pressure group.
The letter emphasises that the projection covers
tens of thousands of years,
and that individual deaths cannot be predicted.
It says the dose to the
world's population from the discharges is tiny - onl
y 0.03 per cent of the
dose from background radiation.
The significance of t
he letter is that it partly supports Greenpeace's claim
that radioactive dis
charges from Sellafield will cause deaths - but also
that it describes Green
peace's use of such statistics as 'misleading'.
Greenpeace's claim of an inc
rease in deaths has been part of its campaign
against the Thorp plant. In Oc
tober 600 Greenpeace volunteers stopped
traffic in Whitehall by lying down t
o represent deaths from Sellafield.
A government decision on whether to lice
nse the Pounds 2.8bn plant, which
has taken 10 years to build, is expected i
mminently. The environment
department said yesterday: 'We asked RWMAC for th
eir opinion and their views
will be taken into account.'
The committee's let
ter says that the calculation of notional deaths from
radioactivity exposure
'carries with it no certainty, and it is incorrect to
state that '600 peopl
e will die'.'
Greenpeace's estimates are different from the committee's part
ly because it
has based them on the discharge limits set by the pollution in
spectorate,
while the committee has used emissions data from the National Ra
diological
Protection Board.
UK Nirex, the government's Nuclear Industry Rad
ioactive Waste Executive,
which has been given the task of finding a site to
store nuclear waste, said
yesterday that it would apply early next year for
planning permission for a
deep underground laboratory near Sellafield.
The
laboratory would explore whether a store could be built safely in the
rocks
at that site. Geological mapping of the site 'has made significant
progress'
over the past year, it said, 'and results continue to show that
the site ho
lds good promise as a suitable location'.
The Radioactive Waste Management A
dvisory Committee has expressed scepticism
about the geological suitability
of Sellafield.
Companies:-
British Nuclear Fuels.
UK Nirex.
Countries:-
GBZ United Kingdom, EC.
<
XX>
Industries:-
P2819 Industrial Inorganic Chemicals, NEC.
P4
953 Refuse Systems.
Types:-
NEWS General News.
RES
Facilities.
RES Pollution.
The Financial Times
London Page 9
============= Transaction # 95 ==============================================
Transaction #: 95 Transaction Code: 22 (Record(s) Saved)
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FT941-12824
_AN-EA1CHACCFT
940
128
FT 28 JAN 94 / Radioactive waste 'should be buried'
By BRONWEN MADDOX, Environment Correspondent
Highly radioactive nuclear waste should be buried deep underground
, one of
the authors of a new report on managing nuclear waste said yesterda
y.
But Mr Peter Saunders, an energy consultant formerly with the UK Atomic
E
nergy Authority, said that 'time is on our side' as much of the high-level
w
aste produced in the past 20 years would have to cool for several more
decad
es. This would give scientists time to evaluate the best techniques.
The rep
ort, compiled by a panel of chemists and energy specialists for
Brunel Unive
rsity, London, surveys the methods used for storing nuclear
waste in Europe.
The government has not yet announced whether the forthcoming review of the
nuclear industry will cover the controversial question of the long-term
disp
osal of radioactive waste.
Management of Used Nuclear Fuel and High Level Nu
clear Waste In Europe,
Centre for Environmental Chemistry at Brunel Universi
ty, London. Bankside
Consultants, 071 403 5325. Pounds 2 p&p.
C
ountries:-
GBZ United Kingdom, EC.
Industries:-
P9511 Air, Water, and Solid Waste Management.
Types:-
<
TP>NEWS General News.
The Financial Times
London P
age 10
============= Transaction # 96 ==============================================
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_AN-DI1CRACEFT
93092
8
FT 28 SEP 93 / 'Nuclear dustbin' charge levelled at Th
orp operator
By BRONWEN MADDOX and CHRIS TIGHE
NEARLY 90 per cent of foreign radioactive waste sent for reproce
ssing at the
controversial Thorp plant in Sellafield, Cumbria, could remain
in the UK
permanently, Greenpeace claimed yesterday.
The pressure group, whi
ch does not want the Pounds 2.8bn plant to be given a
licence to start opera
tion, argues that Sellafield will become a 'nuclear
dustbin' for foreign rad
ioactive waste if Thorp is given the go-ahead.
The claims are contained in a
40-page report commissioned by Greenpeace from
Large & Associates, London-b
ased consultants, and published today.
The report says that British Nuclear
Fuels, the plant's owner, gave evidence
to the government's Radioactive Wast
e Management Advisory Committee
suggesting it has agreed to send back only 1
1 per cent of foreign waste.
The report further claims that BNF wants to sen
d back no more 1 per cent of
foreign waste, measured by volume. Under a poli
cy known as 'substitution',
BNF plans to send customers more highly radioact
ive waste in exchange for
keeping bulky low and intermediate level waste - s
aving the customer
transport costs.
BNF said last night that contracts signe
d since 1976 allowed it to return
all waste produced. Cumbria County Council
is expected to back the start-up
of Thorp when all 83 councillors meet next
Monday, the last day for public
consultation on the project.
However the wo
rking party to the council, whose views are based on
independent research co
mmissioned by the council, recommends that start-up
should go ahead only if
the plant can be shown to meet all safety criteria.
Countries:-
GBZ United Kingdom, EC.
Industries:-
P2819
Industrial Inorganic Chemicals, NEC.
P2869 Industrial Organic Chemicals,
NEC.
Types:-
RES Pollution.
TECH Patents & Licen
ces.
The Financial Times
London Page 10
============= Transaction # 97 ==============================================
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_AN-EKPEKACNFT
9411
16
FT 16 NOV 94 / Underground laboratory urged for Sella
field
By CLIVE COOKSON, Science Editor
A rock laboratory should be built as soon as possible, 650 metres
underg
round, to establish whether the area around Sellafield in Cumbria is
suitabl
e for the deep disposal of radioactive wastes, the Royal Society said
yester
day.
The recommendation from the society, Britain's senior scientific body,
comes
in a report on the activities of Nirex, the nuclear industry's waste
d
isposal company. Although Nirex commissioned the study, it was carried out
i
ndependently by the society.
It concludes: 'The society retains an open mind
on whether Sellafield can
meet the safety criteria for a UK deep repository
.'
If the site is suitable, the society adds, the nuclear industry should
co
nsider depositing its most radioactive 'high-level waste' there, as well
as
the low-level and intermediate-level waste Nirex is considering.
Nirex yeste
rday distanced itself from that proposal, aware that it could
inflame public
opposition to the project. It said: 'Nirex has no remit for
high-level wast
e and the repository is not being designed to accept it.'
The Pounds 120m ro
ck laboratory would help to establish whether the area's
geology is suitable
for keeping radioactive materials isolated for tens of
thousands of years.
Sir Alan Muir Wood, who chaired the Royal Society study group, conceded that
Nirex appeared to have chosen Sellafield for political reasons - because it
was already a nuclear site. He said: 'It is unlikely that Sellafield would
have been first choice on geological features alone.'
The report recommends
that the repository should be built in two stages. The
first would be for sh
ort-lived wastes whose radioactivity would die away
within a few hundred yea
rs. The second would be an extension into deeper
geological strata - below 1
,000 metres - where there is less risk of
radioactivity reaching the surface
and where long-lived wastes could be
stored.
Nirex reacted warily to that p
roposal too. Deeper drilling and tunnelling
would not only increase costs bu
t also increase the safety risks to
construction workers, it said.
Greenpeac
e and Friends of the Earth, the environmental groups, said that the
recommen
dations could not be justified by the scientific evidence.
Disposal of Radio
active Wastes. Royal Society, 6 Carlton House Terrace,
London SW1. Pounds 27
.50.
Companies:-
UK Nirex.
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ing Laboratories.
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TEC
H Safety & Standards.
RES Facilities.
RES Capital expenditures.
<
/TP>
The Financial Times
London Page 10
============= Transaction # 98 ==============================================
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9405
20
FT 20 MAY 94 / Waste probe 'may be controversial'
By BRONWEN MADDOX, Environment Correspondent
A review of the disposal of radioactive waste will run in parallel wi
th the
review of the nuclear power industry, the government said yesterday.
The 'separate but complementary' review will cover waste from hospitals and
research laboratories as well as from nuclear power stations.
Environmental
pressure groups welcomed the review yesterday, but warned that
it could prov
e as controversial as the government's conclusions on the
future of nuclear
power.
Environmental lobbying against nuclear plants has focused on the pres
ent
shortcomings of strategies for long-term disposal of waste.
Levels of ra
dioactivity in nuclear waste take decades - or sometimes
thousands of years
- to fall to levels not damaging to human beings. The
costs of handling and
disposing of the waste safely are a large part of the
nuclear industry's fin
ancial liabilities.
The waste review, which will be run by the Department of
the Environment,
will be the first wide-ranging examination of policy for a
decade.
But it will not look at the suitability of specific sites for waste
disposal. Mr John Gummer, environment secretary, said yesterday these
quest
ions were 'a matter for the planning and regulatory process'.
UK Nirex, the
nuclear industry's waste disposal company, which has been
given the task of
finding a suitable site for storing waste, has been
investigating whether a
chamber could be carved out of the rocks underneath
the Sellafield nuclear s
ite in Cumbria.
The store would contain only low-level and intermediate-leve
l waste.
Separate techniques would be needed for the highly radioactive fuel
extracted from reactor cores.
However, the government's Radioactive Waste M
anagement Advisory Committee
has warned repeatedly that Nirex's investigatio
ns are falling behind its
original timetable. According to the committee, th
e need for further
geological tests means it is unlikely the repository will
be ready before
2010, three years behind schedule, even if all concerns wer
e adequately
answered.
Mr Chris Smith, shadow environment secretary, said ye
sterday that the waste
review should have been carried out before the Thorp
reprocessing plant at
Sellafield was allowed to start operating.
The plant,
which will treat and separate used reactor fuel rods, will itself
eventually
need decommissioning, and so will produce additional waste,
environmentalis
ts have said. However, British Nuclear Fuels, Thorp's owner,
has argued that
reprocessing waste makes storage easier because it separates
waste into its
different constituents.
Greenpeace, the pressure group, said yesterday that
the radioactive waste
review was one of the most important parts of the gov
ernment's announcement.
'The nuclear industry is unable to deal with the was
te it has already
created, let alone the waste it will create in the future,
' it said.
The preliminary results of the investigation are due to be announ
ced in the
summer and are likely to feed into the nuclear power review.
Countries:-
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conomic Programs.
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lities.
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GOVT Government News.
The Financial Times
London Page 10
============= Transaction # 99 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 101 ==============================================
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FT911-2041
_AN-BEBBRAA5FT
9105
02
FT 02 MAY 91 / Technology: Offshore haven for nuclear
waste
By DAVID GREEN
As plans for
an underground radioactive waste repository are drawn up in
Britain, enginee
rs in Sweden are preparing to build on the early success of
a similar projec
t.
Caverns have been created under the Baltic Sea at a capital cost of Pound
s
70m to provide a final resting place for much of the radioactive waste fro
m
the country's 12 nuclear power reactors.
The material going into the caver
ns off Forsmark, on Sweden's east coast,
about 80 miles north of Stockholm,
consists of waste which will be
dangerously radioactive for the relatively s
hort term, several hundreds of
years.
Most of it is low-level waste, such as
contaminated overalls and gloves but
some is intermediate-level waste, incl
uding sludges and resins.
SKB, the Swedish radioactive waste disposal compan
y, is planning to build a
much deeper repository for long-lived intermediate
-level and high-level
wastes which may remain dangerously radioactive for mi
llions of years.
A short list of sites is expected to be announced next year
and the facility
could be ready for use by the year 2020.
IS Nirex, SKB's e
quivalent in Britain, is currently boring into the rock
structures at Sellaf
ield, in Cumbria, and Dounreay, in Scotland, to check
the geology before the
announcement of a preferred site for its own deep
repository. However, it w
ill cater only for low and intermediate-level
wastes.
Under present proposal
s, all high-level waste will continue to be stored on
the surface at Sellafi
eld, where spent nuclear fuel is re-processed by
British Nuclear Fuels.
Near
by, in the village of Drigg, is British Nuclear Fuels' low-level waste
repos
itory, expected to be full by the middle of next century.
Sellafield is like
ly to be the preferred choice for Britain's deep
repository, although no for
mal announcement is due before October.
The Nirex idea is to sink a vertical
shaft about 700 metres deep and create
a series of caverns running from its
base and capable of holding 1.4m cubic
metres of waste.
It will cost an est
imated Pounds 800m to build and a further Pounds 1.6bn to
operate over 50 ye
ars.
In 1994 the UK Government is due to carry out a review of nuclear power
economics following its decision two years ago not to finance further
stati
ons after Sizewell B, in Suffolk.
Whether or not nuclear power is allowed to
expand, a large amount of
radioactive waste has already been created. Much
more will arise before the
existing stations reach the end of their lifetime
s and are dismantled.
A public inquiry into the Nirex plan for a deep reposi
tory is expected to
start in 1993 and last for a year.
In the meantime, the
company will continue its efforts to try to convince
the public that undergr
ound waste disposal is practical and safe.
Councillors from both Dounreay an
d Cumbria have been taken to Sweden to
inspect the Forsmark repository, whic
h is close to three nuclear power
reactors.
The repository is approached by
two tunnels, each one kilometre long, which
slope down through bedrock about
50 metres beneath the sea.
The waste from the rest of Sweden's nuclear plan
ts, all located on the
coast, is brought to Forsmark by ship. All waste arri
ving at the facility is
already packaged in concrete or steel. It is placed
in concrete vaults which
are surrounded by bentonite clay.
In its first thre
e years of operation, the repository has accumulated about
6,000 cubic metre
s of waste, one-tenth of its present capacity.
When it was opened it was tho
ught that additional cavern space would have to
be created in order to cater
for future operating waste.
However, engineers now believe the existing spa
ce will suffice, largely
because of new compaction techniques being used at
the power stations before
despatch of the waste to Forsmark.
New caverns and
an additional silo will be necessary to cope with the low
and intermediate-
level waste from the dismantling of the reactors at the end
of their operati
ng lifetimes.
SKB, which is owned by the four Swedish nuclear power utilitie
s, estimates
it will cost Pounds 5bn to de-commission the country's nuclear
power
stations and dispose of the radioactive waste involved. Operational an
d
de-commissioning waste is expected to total about 230,000 cubic metres.
Th
e Swedish parliament decided after a national referendum in 1980 to
phase-ou
t nuclear power by the year 2010. Three years ago it said plants
would begin
shutting down in 1995.
However, the start of the phase-out has now been pos
tponed because of the
difficulty in finding acceptable replacement sources o
f electricity.
Coal and oil have been ruled out because of the problems of g
lobal warming
and acid rain, while further hydro schemes have also run into
environmental
opposition.
The Financial Times
Lon
don Page 15
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FT943-9990
_AN-EHHDNACUFT
9408
08
FT 08 AUG 94 / Leading Article: The nuclear waste pro
blem
The government's consultation paper on the disposal
of radioactive waste,
published last Friday, is central to the UK's review o
f nuclear policy for
two reasons. It addresses the issue of safety, which is
uppermost in the
public's mind; and it has a direct bearing on cost, which
must ultimately
determine whether nuclear power is commercially viable.
The
most pressing issue is the disposal of intermediate and low-level
radioactiv
e waste, such as bulky parts from first generation reactors and
nuclear subm
arines which are now coming to the end of their lives. By
contrast, high-lev
el waste, such as spent fuel rods, needs 50 years to cool
before it can be s
tored, making it a problem for the next century.
Until last year, it appeare
d that the UK planned to dump at least some waste
at sea. But it has now sig
ned an international treaty which includes a
10-year ban on sea dumping of r
adioactive waste. This leaves it with the
choice of burying the waste deep u
nderground, or storing it in some form on
the surface.
The UK's provisional
plans are to bury intermediate and low-level waste
permanently in sealed cha
mbers carved out of the rocks half a mile
underground. UK Nirex, the industr
y's waste disposal company, has been given
the task of finding a site, and i
s now running geological studies underneath
Sellafield, British Nuclear Fuel
s' plants in Cumbria.
Deep disposal has the backing of the nuclear industry,
the Department of
Trade and Industry, and a large section of the public. It
is cheaper than
surface storage because it needs minimal surveillance, and
is relatively
secure from risks such as terrorist attack. There is also a mo
ral argument
for opting now for deep disposal, in that many feel it would be
wrong to
leave the problem of waste disposal for future generations to answ
er.
Practical questions
As things stand, however, deep burial raises a numbe
r of practical and other
questions. The risk is mainly geological: radioacti
vity could leak into the
water table. If that happened, it would be extremel
y difficult to rectify.
These concerns apply particularly to the Sellafield
site where Nirex has
discovered rock fissures and complex water flows which
might cause
radioactivity to migrate.
Surface storage, by contrast, is more
expensive and possibly riskier, but it
does keep the waste where it can be c
losely monitored. So long as
uncertainty exists about the science of nuclear
waste disposal, it also
keeps options open. Many environmentalists argue th
at the permanent solution
of deep burial would deprive future generations of
using whatever superior
disposal methods science eventually comes up with.
Deep burial
The trouble is that this is an argument without end: the same di
lemma would
presumably prevent each succeeding generation from settling the
waste
problem. Decisions about the desirability of nuclear power, in which
a
ssumptions about the costs of waste disposal are an important part, cannot
b
e thus indefinitely postponed.
The government has made clear its preference
for deep burial on economic,
safety and moral grounds. There will always be
the suspicion, however, that
its position is shaped by short-term objectives
, particularly the desire to
reduce the nuclear industry's costs and improve
its chances of
privatisation. That would be patently wrong: if there was ev
er an issue
where safety should be paramount, it is this.
Scientific evaluat
ion rather than political pressure must determine the
choice of disposal met
hod. If minimising the impact on the environment and
the risk to human healt
h is the criterion, the best technique might well be
sea disposal: environme
ntal pessimists often understate the enormous
capacity of the deep oceans to
dilute pollution. But with that option now
closed, the onus is on the gover
nment to build the safest and most palatable
alternative method of disposal
into its nuclear review calculations.
There is no harm in persisting with in
vestigations into deep disposal,
provided it is recognised that it might tak
e years to find a safe site, if
one can be found at all. But for now, there
may be no alternative to keeping
nuclear waste above ground until more of th
e uncertainty is removed.
Countries:-
GBZ United Kin
gdom, EC.
Industries:-
P9511 Air, Water, and Solid Wast
e Management.
Types:-
CMMT Comment & Analysis.
TEC
H Safety & Standards.
The Financial Times
London P
age 13
============= Transaction # 103 ==============================================
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FT933-717
_AN-DI1CRACEFT
93092
8
FT 28 SEP 93 / 'Nuclear dustbin' charge levelled at Th
orp operator
By BRONWEN MADDOX and CHRIS TIGHE
NEARLY 90 per cent of foreign radioactive waste sent for reproce
ssing at the
controversial Thorp plant in Sellafield, Cumbria, could remain
in the UK
permanently, Greenpeace claimed yesterday.
The pressure group, whi
ch does not want the Pounds 2.8bn plant to be given a
licence to start opera
tion, argues that Sellafield will become a 'nuclear
dustbin' for foreign rad
ioactive waste if Thorp is given the go-ahead.
The claims are contained in a
40-page report commissioned by Greenpeace from
Large & Associates, London-b
ased consultants, and published today.
The report says that British Nuclear
Fuels, the plant's owner, gave evidence
to the government's Radioactive Wast
e Management Advisory Committee
suggesting it has agreed to send back only 1
1 per cent of foreign waste.
The report further claims that BNF wants to sen
d back no more 1 per cent of
foreign waste, measured by volume. Under a poli
cy known as 'substitution',
BNF plans to send customers more highly radioact
ive waste in exchange for
keeping bulky low and intermediate level waste - s
aving the customer
transport costs.
BNF said last night that contracts signe
d since 1976 allowed it to return
all waste produced. Cumbria County Council
is expected to back the start-up
of Thorp when all 83 councillors meet next
Monday, the last day for public
consultation on the project.
However the wo
rking party to the council, whose views are based on
independent research co
mmissioned by the council, recommends that start-up
should go ahead only if
the plant can be shown to meet all safety criteria.
Countries:-
GBZ United Kingdom, EC.
Industries:-
P2819
Industrial Inorganic Chemicals, NEC.
P2869 Industrial Organic Chemicals,
NEC.
Types:-
RES Pollution.
TECH Patents & Licen
ces.
The Financial Times
London Page 10
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============= Transaction # 105 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 106 ==============================================
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============================================================================
SYSTEM Error -- System crashed and was restarted
===========================================================================
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============= Transaction # 6 ==============================================
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FT931-9727
_AN-DBLB0ACUFT
9302
12
FT 12 FEB 93 / World News In Brief: Polar explorers a
irlifted out
Exhausted explorers Sir Ranulph Fiennes and
Dr Michael Stroud ended their
attempt to make the first unsupported crossing
of the Antarctic from ice
shelf to ice shelf when they were airlifted out.
Both were suffering from
frostbite and exhaustion.
Countries:-
AQZ Antarctica.
Industries:-
P7999 Amusement
and Recreation, NEC.
Types:-
PEOP Personnel News.
The Financial Times
London Page 1
============= Transaction # 7 ==============================================
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9302
12
FT 12 FEB 93 / World News In Brief: Polar explorers a
irlifted out
Exhausted explorers Sir Ranulph Fiennes and
Dr Michael Stroud ended their
attempt to make the first unsupported crossing
of the Antarctic from ice
shelf to ice shelf when they were airlifted out.
Both were suffering from
frostbite and exhaustion.
Countries:-
AQZ Antarctica.
Industries:-
P7999 Amusement
and Recreation, NEC.
Types:-
PEOP Personnel News.
The Financial Times
London Page 1
============= Transaction # 8 ==============================================
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940
108
FT 08 JAN 94 / Sport: Antarctic voyage success
By RODERIC DUNNETT
The crew of the Sir E
rnest Shackleton, on a voyage to retrace the rescue
mission of the British e
xplorer after his ship, Endurance, was crushed by
the polar pack ice (FT, De
cember 18), landed safely on South Georgia writes
Roderic Dunnett.
Trevor Po
tts and three colleagues left Elephant Island in Antarctica on
December 24.
The 23ft boat was becalmed at first but made several days' good
sailing, hel
ped by currents, before hitting 36 hours of gales.
By noon on January 3, the
party was 100 miles east of South Georgia. Having
made landfall, they ran i
nto force 8 gales - recalling the harsh lee shore
conditions encountered by
Shackleton in 1916 - but found shelter in Elsehul,
a rocky harbour at the no
rth west tip of South Georgia and landed on January
5.
The crew plans to cro
ss the neck of land known as the Shackleton Gap on
foot, tracing, in reverse
, part of the route the explorer took on his
mountain trek to Stromness, the
Norwegian whaling station, where he found
help for his marooned companions.
Potts' arrival coincided with the start of the International Boat Show, at
Earls Court, where Shackleton's boat, the James Caird, is displayed.
Countries:-
GEZ Georgia, East Europe.
Industries
:-
P99 Nonclassifiable Establishments.
Types:-
NEWS General News.
The Financial Times
London
Page XV
============= Transaction # 9 ==============================================
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940
108
FT 08 JAN 94 / Sport: Antarctic voyage success
By RODERIC DUNNETT
The crew of the Sir E
rnest Shackleton, on a voyage to retrace the rescue
mission of the British e
xplorer after his ship, Endurance, was crushed by
the polar pack ice (FT, De
cember 18), landed safely on South Georgia writes
Roderic Dunnett.
Trevor Po
tts and three colleagues left Elephant Island in Antarctica on
December 24.
The 23ft boat was becalmed at first but made several days' good
sailing, hel
ped by currents, before hitting 36 hours of gales.
By noon on January 3, the
party was 100 miles east of South Georgia. Having
made landfall, they ran i
nto force 8 gales - recalling the harsh lee shore
conditions encountered by
Shackleton in 1916 - but found shelter in Elsehul,
a rocky harbour at the no
rth west tip of South Georgia and landed on January
5.
The crew plans to cro
ss the neck of land known as the Shackleton Gap on
foot, tracing, in reverse
, part of the route the explorer took on his
mountain trek to Stromness, the
Norwegian whaling station, where he found
help for his marooned companions.
Potts' arrival coincided with the start of the International Boat Show, at
Earls Court, where Shackleton's boat, the James Caird, is displayed.
Countries:-
GEZ Georgia, East Europe.
Industries
:-
P99 Nonclassifiable Establishments.
Types:-
NEWS General News.
The Financial Times
London
Page XV
============= Transaction # 10 ==============================================
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9409
12
FT 12 SEP 94 / Management: Desert Island Manager - Le
if Mills
By ROBERT TAYLOR
Leif Mill
s, at 58 the new president of Britain's Trades Union Congress, is
also gener
al secretary of the Banking Insurance and Finance Union. He is the
first gra
duate from Balliol College, Oxford, to reach the heights of the TUC
and he i
s proud of that fact. An official of the union since national
service, he be
came general secretary in 1972 and was elected to the TUC
general council in
1983.
Most union leaders have been kept off public bodies over the past 15
years
but not Mills. He sat on the armed forces pay review from 1980 to 1987
and
was on the Monopolies and Mergers Commission from 1982 to 1991. A membe
r of
Investors in People UK and the council of the National Council for
Voca
tional Qualifications, he is currently a trustee of the Civic Trust.
Along w
ith a phone and fax, what piece of office equipment would you need on
the is
land?
A word processor so I could write a new novel. I have already written
one
that is unpublished about the TUC Congress called A Week in the life of
Smith, Brown and Jones.
What would you take to remind yourself of early days
in the union?
I would take the first copy of our magazine - The Bank Clerk
- which I
edited.
Who would you take with you besides your family?
Sir Ranul
ph Fiennes. I would like to hear about his polar expeditions.
What food woul
d you like to eat?
Big jars of prawns with mayonnaise.
And to drink?
A coupl
e of hogs heads of Brakspeare brew, a local Henley beer.
What would you take
to read?
The Worst Journey in The World by Aspley Cherry-Garrard, the story
of
Scott's expedition to the Antarctic. It would be a useful antidote to th
e
heat of the desert island. But I'm a great Bertie Wooster fan so I would
l
ike to take the PG Wodehouse books.
A film?
Carol Reed's The Third Man with
Orson Welles. I know every word of the
dialogue. I would also like to take T
he Hill starring Sean Connery, which is
about the military police. I was a s
econd lieutenant in the Royal Military
Police when I was doing my national s
ervice in Malaya.
What would you most like about desert island life?
Basking
in the sunshine would be wonderful.
What would you most miss on the desert
island?
The opportunity to row every week with my friends in my local rowing
club.
One item to preserve your sanity?
I would love to take a computerised
chess-set to play against. It would keep
my mind active.
One item to ease t
he strain?
A pipe with plenty of Gold Block tobacco. I still find smoking a
relaxation.
Any regrets?
That I just failed to win an Oxford rowing blue.
Countries:-
GBZ United Kingdom, EC.
Industr
ies:-
P874 Management and Public Relations.
Types:-
PEOP People.
The Financial Times
London Pa
ge 8
============= Transaction # 12 ==============================================
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9409
12
FT 12 SEP 94 / Management: Desert Island Manager - Le
if Mills
By ROBERT TAYLOR
Leif Mill
s, at 58 the new president of Britain's Trades Union Congress, is
also gener
al secretary of the Banking Insurance and Finance Union. He is the
first gra
duate from Balliol College, Oxford, to reach the heights of the TUC
and he i
s proud of that fact. An official of the union since national
service, he be
came general secretary in 1972 and was elected to the TUC
general council in
1983.
Most union leaders have been kept off public bodies over the past 15
years
but not Mills. He sat on the armed forces pay review from 1980 to 1987
and
was on the Monopolies and Mergers Commission from 1982 to 1991. A membe
r of
Investors in People UK and the council of the National Council for
Voca
tional Qualifications, he is currently a trustee of the Civic Trust.
Along w
ith a phone and fax, what piece of office equipment would you need on
the is
land?
A word processor so I could write a new novel. I have already written
one
that is unpublished about the TUC Congress called A Week in the life of
Smith, Brown and Jones.
What would you take to remind yourself of early days
in the union?
I would take the first copy of our magazine - The Bank Clerk
- which I
edited.
Who would you take with you besides your family?
Sir Ranul
ph Fiennes. I would like to hear about his polar expeditions.
What food woul
d you like to eat?
Big jars of prawns with mayonnaise.
And to drink?
A coupl
e of hogs heads of Brakspeare brew, a local Henley beer.
What would you take
to read?
The Worst Journey in The World by Aspley Cherry-Garrard, the story
of
Scott's expedition to the Antarctic. It would be a useful antidote to th
e
heat of the desert island. But I'm a great Bertie Wooster fan so I would
l
ike to take the PG Wodehouse books.
A film?
Carol Reed's The Third Man with
Orson Welles. I know every word of the
dialogue. I would also like to take T
he Hill starring Sean Connery, which is
about the military police. I was a s
econd lieutenant in the Royal Military
Police when I was doing my national s
ervice in Malaya.
What would you most like about desert island life?
Basking
in the sunshine would be wonderful.
What would you most miss on the desert
island?
The opportunity to row every week with my friends in my local rowing
club.
One item to preserve your sanity?
I would love to take a computerised
chess-set to play against. It would keep
my mind active.
One item to ease t
he strain?
A pipe with plenty of Gold Block tobacco. I still find smoking a
relaxation.
Any regrets?
That I just failed to win an Oxford rowing blue.
Countries:-
GBZ United Kingdom, EC.
Industr
ies:-
P874 Management and Public Relations.
Types:-
PEOP People.
The Financial Times
London Pa
ge 8
============= Transaction # 13 ==============================================
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94093
0
FT 30 SEP 94 / Technology (Worth Watching): Home, ski
home in the Antarctic
By VANESSA HOULDER
<
TEXT>
Scientists and technicians working for the British Antarctic Survey wi
ll
spend the winter in the first mobile house on skis.
The building will hou
se 30 people studying ice, the upper atmosphere and the
climate at the Halle
y Research Station, the BAS's most remote Antarctic
base. Every year, the sk
i-borne house will be moved by bulldozers to pull it
free of snow and ice. T
he skis, which are 19.5m long, are fitted with air
bags which are blown up t
o crack any ice that accumulates underneath them.
The pre-fabricated house,
which was built by VM Fabrications,
Huddersfield-based engineers and Bennett
Associates, designers, will replace
tent-style accommodation.
British Antar
ctic Survey: tel 0223 61188; fax 0223 62616
Countries:-
<
CN>GBZ United Kingdom, EC.
Industries:-
P2452 Prefabri
cated Wood Buildings.
Types:-
TECH Products & Product
use.
The Financial Times
London Page 16
============= Transaction # 14 ==============================================
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94093
0
FT 30 SEP 94 / Technology (Worth Watching): Home, ski
home in the Antarctic
By VANESSA HOULDER
<
TEXT>
Scientists and technicians working for the British Antarctic Survey wi
ll
spend the winter in the first mobile house on skis.
The building will hou
se 30 people studying ice, the upper atmosphere and the
climate at the Halle
y Research Station, the BAS's most remote Antarctic
base. Every year, the sk
i-borne house will be moved by bulldozers to pull it
free of snow and ice. T
he skis, which are 19.5m long, are fitted with air
bags which are blown up t
o crack any ice that accumulates underneath them.
The pre-fabricated house,
which was built by VM Fabrications,
Huddersfield-based engineers and Bennett
Associates, designers, will replace
tent-style accommodation.
British Antar
ctic Survey: tel 0223 61188; fax 0223 62616
Countries:-
<
CN>GBZ United Kingdom, EC.
Industries:-
P2452 Prefabri
cated Wood Buildings.
Types:-
TECH Products & Product
use.
The Financial Times
London Page 16
============= Transaction # 15 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 17 ==============================================
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============= Transaction # 20 ==============================================
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940
416
FT 16 APR 94 / Antarctic passage
A private member's bill enabling the UK to join with other nations in
streng
thening environmental safeguards for the Antarctic completed its
passage thr
ough the Commons yesterday.
Countries:-
GBZ United K
ingdom, EC.
AQZ Antarctica.
Industries:-
P951 Env
ironmental Quality.
Types:-
RES Pollution.
The Financial Times
London Page 6
============= Transaction # 21 ==============================================
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940
416
FT 16 APR 94 / Antarctic passage
A private member's bill enabling the UK to join with other nations in
streng
thening environmental safeguards for the Antarctic completed its
passage thr
ough the Commons yesterday.
Countries:-
GBZ United K
ingdom, EC.
AQZ Antarctica.
Industries:-
P951 Env
ironmental Quality.
Types:-
RES Pollution.
The Financial Times
London Page 6
============= Transaction # 22 ==============================================
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FT922-12600
_AN-CDPBOAD4FT
920
416
FT 16 APR 92 / Survey of Swindon (11): Down to earth
study - Natural Environmental Research Council
LAST week
's announcement that the ozone layer above northern Europe shrank
by 20 per
cent in the first two months of the year was a tribute to the
international
co-operation of 300 scientists working in 17 different
counties.
The scienti
sts, members of European Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Experiment
(Easoe), esta
blished that conditions over the north Atlantic, Europe and New
England were
so bad in early February, ozone was possibly being lost at the
rate of 1 pe
r cent a day. One calculation suggests that for every 1 per cent
drop in the
ozone screen, there could be a 2 per cent increase in
non-melanoma skins ca
ncers, adding an extra Pounds 7m in treatment costs to
the NHS in Britain.
T
he experiment was also a tribute to the research policy of the
Swindon-based
Natural Environmental Research Council (NERC), whose research
institute, th
e British Antarctic Survey, co-ordinated the investigation in
conjunction wi
th the US space agency NASA. The discovery by NERC's
scientists of the ozone
hole above the Antarctic in 1985 led to the Montreal
Protocol of 1989 on ph
asing out CFCs.
NERC is one of five research councils funded by the Departme
nt of Education
and Science. With a budget this year of Pounds 170m and a st
aff of 2,600
employed in 16 institutes and research units across the UK, it
is charged
with the basic task of discovering how the earth's environment, w
hich is now
known to be a network of interlocking natural systems, works.
Ot
her projects include the construction of a new Pounds 40 Oceanographic
Centr
e at Southampton, and a new Geosciences Centre at Keyworth, near
Nottingham.
Its marine scientists have just completed an ambitious survey of the North
Sea, with a view to constructing a model of how its water quality changes
wi
th the seasons. This has important political and economic implications.
The
EC is planning to ban this dumping before the end of the decade. The
governm
ent believes it may be possible to dump sewage sludge in the right
place and
the right time without doing environmental damage.
It is also investigating
changing land use in Britain using satellite
sensing, land classification a
nd on-the-ground sampling. This has already
established for example that som
e 25,000 miles of hedgerow disappeared
between 1978 and 1984. By comparing t
hese figures with changes in flora and
fauna population changes, it is hoped
to obtain a total picture of the
ecosystem.
NERC's work on analysing the bi
ological rather than the chemical
constituents of water has already yielded
a very valuable method of
monitoring water quality. A diagnostic computer pr
ogramme, Rivpacs, designed
for use by water authorities, analyses the biolog
ical community which lives
in the water from which it is able to measure the
levels of nitrates and
cocktail effects of impurities.
Rivpacs is just one
example of NERC's increasing involvement in finding
practical answers to env
ironmental problems. A quarter of NERC's income now
comes from research comm
issioned by a variety of public bodies and
industrial sectors in the UK and
abroad. In the years ahead, it is clearly
set to grow.
The Fina
ncial Times
London Page 37
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Subject: p3-t8
----------
1.
DOCUMENT NO.: FT931-9727.
HEADLINE: FT 12 FEB 93 / World News In Brief: Polar explorers airlift
ed out .
PUBLICATION: The Financial Times .
PAGE: London Page 1 .
TEXT:
Exhausted explorers Sir Ranulph Fiennes and Dr Michael Stroud
ended their
attempt to make the first unsupported crossing of the Antarctic
from ice
shelf to ice shelf when they were airlifted out. Both were sufferi
ng from
frostbite and exhaustion.
.
2.
DOCUMENT NO.: FT941-16602.
HEADLIN
E: FT 08 JAN 94 / Sport: Antarctic voyage success .
BYLINE:
By RODERIC DUNNETT .
PUBLICATION: The Financial Times .
PAGE: Lond
on Page XV .
TEXT:
The crew of the Sir Ernest Shackleton, on a voya
ge to retrace the rescue
mission of the British explorer after his ship, End
urance, was crushed by
the polar pack ice (FT, December 18), landed safely o
n South Georgia writes
Roderic Dunnett.
Trevor Potts and three colleagues le
ft Elephant Island in Antarctica on
December 24. The 23ft boat was becalmed
at first but made several days' good
sailing, helped by currents, before hit
ting 36 hours of gales.
By noon on January 3, the party was 100 miles east o
f South Georgia. Having
made landfall, they ran into force 8 gales - recalli
ng the harsh lee shore
conditions encountered by Shackleton in 1916 - but fo
und shelter in Elsehul,
a rocky harbour at the north west tip of South Georg
ia and landed on January
5.
The crew plans to cross the neck of land known a
s the Shackleton Gap on
foot, tracing, in reverse, part of the route the exp
lorer took on his
mountain trek to Stromness, the Norwegian whaling station,
where he found
help for his marooned companions.
Potts' arrival coincided w
ith the start of the International Boat Show, at
Earls Court, where Shacklet
on's boat, the James Caird, is displayed.
.
3.
DOCUMENT NO.: FT943-3929.
HEADLINE: FT 12 SEP 94 / Management: Desert Island Manager - Leif Mill
s .
BYLINE: By ROBERT TAYLOR .
PUBLICATION: The Financial Times .
PAGE: London Page 8 .
TEXT:
Leif Mills, at 58 the new pre
sident of Britain's Trades Union Congress, is
also general secretary of the
Banking Insurance and Finance Union. He is the
first graduate from Balliol C
ollege, Oxford, to reach the heights of the TUC
and he is proud of that fact
. An official of the union since national
service, he became general secreta
ry in 1972 and was elected to the TUC
general council in 1983.
Most union le
aders have been kept off public bodies over the past 15 years
but not Mills.
He sat on the armed forces pay review from 1980 to 1987 and
was on the Mono
polies and Mergers Commission from 1982 to 1991. A member of
Investors in Pe
ople UK and the council of the National Council for
Vocational Qualification
s, he is currently a trustee of the Civic Trust.
Along with a phone and fax,
what piece of office equipment would you need on
the island?
A word process
or so I could write a new novel. I have already written one
that is unpublis
hed about the TUC Congress called A Week in the life of
Smith, Brown and Jon
es.
What would you take to remind yourself of early days in the union?
I wou
ld take the first copy of our magazine - The Bank Clerk - which I
edited.
Wh
o would you take with you besides your family?
Sir Ranulph Fiennes. I would
like to hear about his polar expeditions.
What food would you like to eat?
B
ig jars of prawns with mayonnaise.
And to drink?
A couple of hogs heads of B
rakspeare brew, a local Henley beer.
What would you take to read?
The Worst
Journey in The World by Aspley Cherry-Garrard, the story of
Scott's expediti
on to the Antarctic. It would be a useful antidote to the
heat of the desert
island. But I'm a great Bertie Wooster fan so I would
like to take the PG W
odehouse books.
A film?
Carol Reed's The Third Man with Orson Welles. I know
every word of the
dialogue. I would also like to take The Hill starring Sea
n Connery, which is
about the military police. I was a second lieutenant in
the Royal Military
Police when I was doing my national service in Malaya.
Wh
at would you most like about desert island life?
Basking in the sunshine wou
ld be wonderful.
What would you most miss on the desert island?
The opportun
ity to row every week with my friends in my local rowing club.
One item to p
reserve your sanity?
I would love to take a computerised chess-set to play a
gainst. It would keep
my mind active.
One item to ease the strain?
A pipe wi
th plenty of Gold Block tobacco. I still find smoking a relaxation.
Any regr
ets?
That I just failed to win an Oxford rowing blue.
.
4.
DOCUMENT NO.:
FT943-204.
HEADLINE: FT 30 SEP 94 / Technology (Worth Watching): Home,
ski home in the Antarctic .
BYLINE: By VANESSA HOULDER .
PUBLICAT
ION: The Financial Times .
PAGE: London Page 16 .
TEXT:
S
cientists and technicians working for the British Antarctic Survey will
spen
d the winter in the first mobile house on skis.
The building will house 30 p
eople studying ice, the upper atmosphere and the
climate at the Halley Resea
rch Station, the BAS's most remote Antarctic
base. Every year, the ski-borne
house will be moved by bulldozers to pull it
free of snow and ice. The skis
, which are 19.5m long, are fitted with air
bags which are blown up to crack
any ice that accumulates underneath them.
The pre-fabricated house, which w
as built by VM Fabrications,
Huddersfield-based engineers and Bennett Associ
ates, designers, will replace
tent-style accommodation.
British Antarctic Su
rvey: tel 0223 61188; fax 0223 62616
.
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